chapter 14

Question 1

intuitive physics

Answer 1

the basic knowledge and beliefs humans share about objects and how they behave.

Question 2

intuitive biology

Answer 2

knowledge about how living things differ from inanimate objects.

Question 3

intuitive psychology

Answer 3

the ability to sense and predict the feelings, beliefs, and goals of other people.

Question 4

intuitive physics, biology and psychology

Answer 4

These core bodies of intuitive knowledge constitute the foundation for human cognitive development

Question 5

Predicting possible futures

Answer 5

An integral part of understanding a situation is being able to use your mental models to imagine different possible futures.

that is, activating memories of one’s own previous physical experience and imagining what actions one might take.

Simulations appear central to the representation of meaning

Question 6

Metaphors

Answer 6

our understanding of essentially all abstract concepts comes about via metaphors based on core physical knowledge.

that these metaphors reveal the physical basis of our understanding of concepts

we understand abstract concepts in terms of core physical knowledge

Question 7

sense of self

Answer 7

our concepts related to physical sensations might activate the abstract concept of self, which feeds back through the nervous system to produce a physical perception of selfhood—or consciousness

Question 8

Constructing and using these mental models rely on two fundamental human capabilities:

Answer 8

abstraction and analogy.

Question 9

Abstraction

Answer 9

the ability to recognize specific concepts and situations as instances of a more general category.

 what we refer to as perception, categorization, recognition, generalization, and reminding (“the exact same thing happened to me”) all involve the act of abstracting the situations that we experience.

Question 10

Analogy making.

Answer 10

the perception of a common essence between two things

o This common essence could be a named concept (for example, happy face, waving bye-bye, cat, or music in the Baroque style), in which case we call it a category, or a hard-to- verbalize concept created on the fly in which case we call it an analogy.

Question 11

missing links required for future progress in AI

Answer 11

essentially everyone in AI research agrees that core “commonsense” knowledge and the capacity for sophisticated abstraction and analogy are among the missing links required for future progress in AI.