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PAFF 510 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

randomized experiment

A

Assigning a group randomly to the control or experimental group

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2
Q

placebo

A

Control group receives
Inert or ineffective treatment

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3
Q

experimental subject/unit

A

Units randomized to control or experimental group

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4
Q

random assignment

A

Used to provide or withhold an intervention or treatment following a procedure to flipping a coin
Researcher must randomize assignment of the IV
Participants randomly assigned to treatment and control groups
Helps ensure all groups are identical on all z variables
Have random assignment but not random sample

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5
Q

statistical equivalence

A

Balances the treatment and control groups in terms of both measured and unmeasured variables with bounds of chance as differences
Experiments are the “gold standard” for getting close to causality
Note: we still can’t observe causation here. The book does a bad job of explaining this
But, out of all the research designs we have, it the design that generally gives us the most confidence in arguing for cause and effect

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6
Q

haphazard randomization

A

Less formal procedure that mimics true random assignment

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7
Q

why random assignment?

A

Statistical equivalence on all variables

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8
Q

randomized experiment

A

Seeks to isolate the causal relationship between one explanatory variable, the treatment (x) and one or more response variables or outcomes (y)
Treatment → outcome or x → y

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9
Q

exogenous

A

X, the treatment is known to independent from and uncorrelated with all the other variables causing y

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10
Q

experiments have what kind of internal and external validity

A

high internal low external

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11
Q

internal validity

A

Confidence that the effect of X on Y is real

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12
Q

external validity

A

Confidence that relationship between X and Y generalized beyond experiment

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13
Q

threats to internal validity

A

Internal - differences between participants in treatment and control groups (other than X)

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14
Q

selection

A

Individuals selected into treatment are different from those in control

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15
Q

experiment mortality

A

Ppl. turning out and not receiving treatment
Only threat if creates difference between treatment and control group so if don’t mess up random assignment should be no threat

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16
Q

threats to external validity

A

any differences between participants in study v. non participants and setting of lab v. real world

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17
Q

unrepresentative population

A

doesn’t represent real world

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18
Q

realism

A

setting we are in for experiment does not look anything like real world where might get this treatment

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19
Q

mundane realism

A

events look way they do in real world

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20
Q

experimental realism

A

subjects don’t take the experiment seriously

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21
Q

psychological realism

A

the events triggered the same thoughts and emotions and processes as real-world events

22
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

subjects behave differently when they know they are being watched or monitored

23
Q

lab experiments

A

Take place in lab or specialized location
Intervening to create exogenous change in one variable while holding other variables constant

24
Q

field experiments

A

Takes place in real world setting not in artificial lab or simulation like school sor businesses → substantial time, organization

25
Q

survey experiments

A

Method of incorporating an experiment in the design and structure of the survey instrument itself
Often used to test effects of variation in questionnaire or wording also referred to as split-ballot survey

26
Q

split-ballot survey

A

print off copies of survey A and survey B and randomly assign

27
Q

cluster randmoizibiliity

A

Groups or clusters rather than individuals are randomized
Helps prevent leakage of the treatment to the control group
Less statistical equivalence from randomization

28
Q

arms experiment

A

Various possible treatments
Basic experiment has two arms - treatment and control
Randomized study can compare multiple possible treatment or control conditions

29
Q

does-response relationship

A

How the effect of the experiment varies as dosage increases
Ex. large class size v. small, but how large?

30
Q

linear trend

A

large the does larger the response

31
Q

curvilinear trend

A

as when an increasing dose reaches a point of diminishing response

32
Q

abrupt trend

A

effect kicks in all at once only when the dosage reaches a particular level

33
Q

analysis of randomized experiments

A

Usually just a difference of means

34
Q

sample size

A

Number of units in each group
Each group must be large enough to achieve balance and to get desired precision of treatment effect
Can use power analysis to determine sample sizes

35
Q

drawbacks of randomized experiments

A

Not all IV’s are controllable
Ethical considerations prevent some experiments
Low external validity
Can resolve some of these problems with natural and quasi experiments

36
Q

factorial experiments

A

Experiments that try to measure the effects of more than one independent variable called factors

37
Q

main effects

A

Average of one factor across levels of the other factors in experiment

38
Q

interaction effects

A

Effect of both factors together is more or less than the sum of the two main effects

39
Q

between subjects experiments

A

When a group could end up i either one group or the other but not both
Comparison is between subjects or units in treatment or control group

40
Q

within-subjects experiments

A

Experiment applies to two or more treatments to same people at different times
Experimental conditions are within each person or unit so they each are exposed to both treatment and control conditions

41
Q

repeated - measures experiments

A

Repeated outcomes measures taken on each sub experimental and simply observe people repeatedly over time

42
Q

unobtrusive measures

A

Measures that occur naturally or routinely or otherwise do not disturb the subjects in an experiment

43
Q

blind experiments

A

Help correct the problem of the placebo effect by keeping subjects ignorant of which group they are in

44
Q

double-blind experiments

A

Researcher and participant don’t know what groups are which

45
Q

contamination

A

When something happens in the course of implementing the study that compromises the integrity and logic of the experiment

46
Q

noncompliance

A

Treatment group fails to fully follow the treatment

47
Q

attrition

A

Participants dropping out from experiment

48
Q

minimal detectable effect

A

Smallest effect that would still have practical significance

49
Q

heterogenous treatment effect

A

Different people respond differently to treatment

50
Q

average treatment effects

A

Suggest the average of the various individual effects that the treatment ha on each person who participates in study

PAFF 510 (9 decks)

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