Chapter 1

Question 1

different ways to research

Answer 1

surveys, observational studies, lab and field experiments, interviews, case studies, historiographies

Question 2

2 research types

Answer 2

primary and secondary research

Question 3

secondary research

Answer 3

already collected, mainly meta analysis

Question 4

primary research

Answer 4

original data, collection and analysis

Question 5

2 types of data

Answer 5

primary and secondary

Question 6

primary data

Answer 6

go out and gather (interview, survey)

Question 7

secondary data

Answer 7

already collected, census data

Question 8

elevator pitch

Answer 8

hope to find why society works the way it does, then evaluate them critically using observation, determine which explanations we doubt more/less

Question 9

falsifiability

Answer 9

useful scientific theory must be falsifiable

Question 10

inference

Answer 10

finding best guess about unknown Information given known

Question 11

descriptive research

Answer 11

unknown fact about variables

Question 12

causal research

Answer 12

unknown causal relationship between two or more variables

Question 13

correlation

Answer 13

the values of 2 variables tend to move together

Question 14

causation

Answer 14

change in the value of one variable produces a change in the other

Question 15

probabilistic causation

Answer 15

seek to identify probabilistic causes relationship - x makes y more likely

Question 16

deterministic causation

Answer 16

x always makes y occur

Question 17

theory

Answer 17

set of statements that identify what causes some outcome and why

Question 18

ethics

Answer 18

norms emerged in 1940’s stronger in 70’s human research subject monitored by IRB

Question 19

Institutional review board (IRB)

Answer 19

committee of staff who sign off on studies quality values by institution

Question 20

goals of IRB

Answer 20

respect for persons, justice, beneficence

Question 21

respect for persons

Answer 21

ppl. used as subjects of research provide informed consent and not coerced into participating

Question 22

beneficence

Answer 22

ppl. who participate not harmed and realize some benefit from research

Question 23

justice

Answer 23

consideration of equality among subjects and fairness to who becomes research subjects

Question 24

induction

Answer 24

systematic observation, then develop a logical explanation to account for what you saw

Question 25

dedication

Answer 25

researcher moves straight to the development of a logical explanation/theory and only later gathers evidence to test the theory