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Biology Exam 3 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a character?

A

Varieties that have distinct heritable features

Ex: Flower color

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2
Q

What is a trait?

A

Character variants.

Ex: purple or white flowers

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3
Q

What are characters and traits in modern terminology?

A

Characters are genes

Traits are alleles

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4
Q

1st point of Mendel’s four-point hypothesis

A

Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters

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5
Q

2nd point of Mendel’s four-point hypothesis

A

For each character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent

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6
Q

3rd point of Mendel’s four-point hypothesis

A

If the two alleles at a locus differ, then one (the dominant allele) determines the organism’s appearance, and the other (the recessive allele) has no noticeable effect on the appearance

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7
Q

4th point of Mendel’s four-point hypothesis

A

Law of Segregation: the two alleles for a heritable character separate (segregate) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

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8
Q

The law of segregation

A

The two alleles for a heritable character separate (segregate) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

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9
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

A cross between two individuals that are heterozygous for one gene.

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10
Q

How are monohybrid crosses used to confirm the law of segregation?

A

A monohybrid cross generates the same ratio of phenotypes that Mendel observed in his crosses which supported his hypothesis that the alleles separate during gamete formation.

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11
Q

The law of independent assortment.

A

Each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation

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12
Q

What is a dihybrid cross?

A

A cross between two individuals that are heterozygous for two genes

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13
Q

How are dihybrid crosses used to confirm the law of independent assortment?

A

A dihybrid cross generates the same ratio of phenotypes that Mendel observed in his crosses which supported his hypothesis that alleles go into the gamete independently.

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14
Q

P generation

A

true-breeding parents

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15
Q

F1 generation

A

The hybrid offspring of the P generation

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16
Q

F2 generation

A

When F1 individuals self-pollinate or cross-pollinate with other F1 hybrids

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17
Q

Which generation in Mendel’s experiment is homozygous

A

P generation

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18
Q

Which generation in Mendel’s experiment is heterozygous

A

F1 generation

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19
Q

Which generation in Mendel’s experiment is both homozygous and heterozygous

A

F2 generation

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20
Q

In which stage in meiosis do the alleles for character segregate during gamete formation?

A

Anaphase 1

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21
Q

In what stage of meiosis does the independent assortment of chromosomes occur?

A

Metaphase 1

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22
Q

Multiplication rule of probability

A

States that the probability that two or more independent events will occur together is the product of their individual probabilities.

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23
Q

Addition rule of probability

A

States that the probability that any one of two or more exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities.

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24
Q

Complete dominance

A

Occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical.

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25
Q

incomplete dominance

A

The phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties.

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26
Q

codominance

A

Two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.

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27
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

when most genes have multiple phenotypic effects.

28
Q

What disorder is caused by pleiotropy?

A

sickle-cell disease

29
Q

How are the A, B, O, and AB blood types determined?

A

The four phenotypes of the ABO blood group in humans are determined by three alleles for the enzyme (I) that attaches A or B carbohydrates to red blood cells: IA, IB, and i.

30
Q

Epistasis

A

a gene at one locus that alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus.

31
Q

What effect might epistasis have on the results of a dihybrid cross?

A

It will lead to a different ratio than the expected 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio

32
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Polygenic inheritance is an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype.

33
Q

What are some human characters controlled by polygenic Inheritance?

A

Skin color, eye color, hair color

34
Q

Why do humans use pedigree analysis?

A

Pedigree analysis is used to study the inheritance of genes in humans.

35
Q

What can pedigrees be useful in determining?

A

Pedigree analysis is useful when studying any population when progeny data from several generations is limited. Pedigree analysis is also useful when studying species with a long generation.

36
Q

Compare the inheritance pattern of dominant and recessive inherited disorders.

A

Recessively inherited disorders show up only in individuals homozygous for the allele.

37
Q

What is a carrier?

A

Heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal

38
Q

True breeding

A

An organism that, when self-fertilized, will produce offspring with a specific phenotype of a single character

39
Q

hybrid

A

an organism that has two different alleles for a trait

40
Q

allele

A

the different forms of a gene; could be dominant or recessive

41
Q

dominant

A

a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait.

42
Q

recessive

A

The trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait

43
Q

homozygous

A

an organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

44
Q

heterozygous

A

an organism that has two different alleles for a trait

45
Q

phenotype

A

physical characteristics of an organism

46
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism

47
Q

heritable feature

A

character

48
Q

locus

A

Location of a gene on a chromosome

49
Q

self-pollination

A

the transfer of pollen from one flower to another flower on the same plant.

50
Q

cross-pollination

A

pollination of a flower or plant with pollen from another flower or plant.

51
Q

Green turtle shells (G) are dominant to yellow (g). Long tails (L) are dominant to short tails (l). What fraction of the progeny of the cross GgLl x GgLl will have yellow shells and short tails?

A

probability of gg = 1/4; probability of ll = 1/4

1/4 * 1/4 = 1/16

52
Q

In a species of salamander, red (R) eyes are dominant to blue eyes (r). If a homozygous recessive salamander is crossed with a heterozygous, what is the probability that the offspring will have blue eyes?

A

1/2 (50%)

53
Q

In snapdragons, heterozygotes for one of the genes have pink flowers, whereas homozygotes have red or white flowers. When plants with red flowers are crossed with plants with white flowers, what proportion of the offspring will have red flowers?

A

0/4 (0%) red

54
Q

In a cross AABbCc × AaBbCc, what is the probability of producing the genotype AABBcc?

A

Probability of AA = 1/4; probability of BB = 1/4; probability of cc = 1/4

1/4 * 1/4 * 1/4 = 1/64

55
Q

“P” represents a trait for large polka dots, “p” represents a trait for small polka dots.
Determine the probability of the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring that would result from a Homozygous recessive x Homozygous recessive cross

A

Phenotype
100% small dots (4/4)

Genotype:
4 pp : 0 Pp : 0 PP

56
Q

“P” represents a trait for large polka dots, “p” represents a trait for small polka dots.
Determine the probability of the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring that would result from a Homozygous recessive x Homozygous dominant cross

A

Phenotype:
100% large dots (4/4)

Genotype:
4 Pp : 0 PP : 0 pp

57
Q

“P” represents a trait for large polka dots, “p” represents a trait for small polka dots.
Determine the probability of the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring that would result from a Homozygous dominant x Homozygous dominant cross

A

Phenotype:
100% large dots (4/4)

Genotype:
4 PP : 0 Pp : 0 pp

58
Q

“P” represents a trait for large polka dots, “p” represents a trait for small polka dots.
Determine the probability of the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring that would result from a Heterozygous x Homozygous dominant
cross

A

Phenotype:
100% large dots (4/4)

Genotype:
3 PP : 2 Pp : 0 pp

59
Q

“P” represents a trait for large polka dots, “p” represents a trait for small polka dots.
Determine the probability of the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring that would result from a Heterozygous x Homozygous recessive cross

A

Phenotype:
50% large dots (2/4) and 50% small dots (2/4)

Genotype:
2 Pp : 2 pp : 0 PP

60
Q

“P” represents a trait for large polka dots, “p” represents a trait for small polka dots.
Determine the probability of the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring that would result from a Heterozygous x Heterozygous cross

A

Phenotype:
75% large dots (3/4) and 25% small dots (1/4)

Genotype:
1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp

61
Q

Blood type A genotype

A

I^(A) I^(A) or I^(A) i

62
Q

Blood type B genotype

A

I^(B) I^(B) or I^(B) i

63
Q

Blood type AB genotype

A

I^(A) I^(B)

64
Q

Blood type O genotype

A

ii

65
Q

Test cross

A

a heterozygous crossed with a homozygous recessive

Biology Exam 3 (6 decks)

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