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Biology Exam 3 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

a single individual passes genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes.

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2
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents

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3
Q

Are there any organisms that can reproduce both sexually and asexually?

A

Yes. Ex: aphids, flatworms, starfish

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4
Q

Which type of division is used for each type of reproduction?

A

Asexual: mitosis
Sexual: meiosis

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5
Q

Reductional division

A

Homologs pair up and separate, resulting in two haploid daughter cells with replicated chromosomes.

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6
Q

equational division

A

Sister chromatids separate.

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7
Q

Which type of division occurs during Meiosis I?

A

Reductional division

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8
Q

Which type of division occurs during Meiosis II?

A

Equational division

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9
Q

What constitutes a pair of homologous chromosomes?

A

homologous chromosomes, or homologs, which have the same length, shape, and carry genes controlling the same characters

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10
Q

If an organism’s genome consists of 2n=46, how many pairs of homologous chromosomes does it have? How many of the chromosomes are maternal in origin? How many are paternal in origin?

A
  • 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
  • 23 maternal
  • 23 paternal
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11
Q

In humans, how many individual chromosomes and homologous pairs are autosomes?

A

Pairs 1- 22; 44 chromosomes

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12
Q

In humans, how many individual chromosomes and homologous pairs are sex chromosomes?

A

Pair number 23; 2 chromosomes

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13
Q

Describe the types of human sex chromosomes..

A

The sex chromosomes, pair 23, determine the sex of the individual and are called X and Y; In an unfertilized egg (ovum), the sex chromosome is X; In a sperm cell, the sex chromosome may be X or Y

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14
Q

Which human sex chromosomes are present in a female?

A

XX

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15
Q

Which human sex chromosomes are present in a male?

A

XY

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16
Q

Steps in Meiosis 1

A
  • Prophase 1
  • Metaphase 1
  • Anaphase 1
  • Telophase 1 and cytokinesis
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17
Q

Prophase 1

A

Typically occupies more than 90% of the time required for meiosis; Chromosomes begin to condense; nuclear envelope dissolves; crossing over may occur

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18
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Homologous pairs (Tetrad) line up at the metaphase plate, with one chromosome facing each pole; Microtubules from one pole are attached to the kinetochore of one chromosome of each tetrad; Microtubules from the other pole are attached to the kinetochore of the other chromosome

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19
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes separate; One chromosome moves toward each pole, guided by the spindle apparatus; Sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere and move as one unit toward the pole

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20
Q

Telophase 1 and cytokinesis

A

Chromosomes decondense; nuclear envelope reforms; each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes; each chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids; Cytokinesis usually occurs simultaneously, forming two haploid daughter cells

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21
Q

Steps in meiosis 2

A
  • Prophase 2
  • Metaphase 2
  • Anaphase 2
  • Telophase 2 and cytokinesis
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22
Q

Prophase 2

A

Chromosomes begin to condense; nuclear envelope dissolves; a spindle apparatus forms; late prophase 2, chromosomes (each still composed of two chromatids) move toward the metaphase plate

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23
Q

metaphase 2

A

sister chromatids align individually at the metaphase plate; The kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to microtubules extending from opposite poles

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24
Q

anaphase 2

A

the sister chromatids separate and move as two newly individual chromosomes toward opposite poles

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25
telophase 2 and cytokinesis
the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles; Nuclei form, and the chromosomes begin decondensing; Cytokinesis separates the cytoplasm
26
How does the alignment of the chromosomes at the metaphase plate differ between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2?
Meiosis 1: in homologous pair | Meiosis 2: as individual, replicated chromosomes
27
Describe independent assortment.
Each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation; Applies only to genes on different, nonhomologous chromosomes
28
At what point in meiosis does independent assortment occur?
Metaphase 1
29
How does independent assortment contribute to genetic recombination in offspring?
increases genetic variation by producing recombinant genotypes
30
Describe crossing over.
In synapsis, homologous chromosomes loosely pair up, aligned gene by gene, held together by the proteins of the synaptonemal complex; Each pair of chromosomes forms a tetrad, a group of four chromatids; In crossing over, non-sister chromatids exchange DNA segments; Each tetrad usually has one or more chiasmata, X-shaped regions where crossing over occurred
31
When does crossing over occur in meiosis?
Starts in early prophase 1
32
How does crossing over contribute to genetic recombination in offspring?
Increases genetic variation by producing recombinant genotypes
33
How does alternation of generation observed in plants differ from the life cycle of mammals?
Animal life cycle: - 1 diploid multicellular stage Plant life cycle: - a diploid (sporophyte) and haploid (gametophyte) multicellular stage.
34
How does the life cycle of fungi differ from that of mammals?
Animal life cycle: - 1 diploid multicellular stage Fungi life cycle: - only diploid stage is the single-celled zygote; there is no multicellular diploid stage.
35
Compare mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis - Conserves the number of chromosome sets, - Produces cells that are identical to the parent cell. Meiosis - Reduces the number of chromosome sets from 2 to 1 (diploid to haploid) - Produces cells that are different from each other and from parent cell.
36
Gonads
organs in animals, such as testes (male) and ovaries (female), where gametes are produced
37
Gametogenesis
the production of gametes
38
Gametes
Sex cells
39
Sperm
the sex cells of a male
40
Egg (ovum)
the sex cells of a female
41
Heredity
the transmission of traits from one generation to the next
42
Variation
the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings
43
Clone
one of a group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent
44
Gene
the units of heredity; made up of segments of DNA found on a specific location of a certain chromosome
45
Fertilization
Fusion of gametes
46
Locus
the specific location of a gene on a chromosome
47
Homologous chromosomes
chromosomes that have the same length, shape, and carry the same genes
48
Somatic cell
non-sex cells
49
autosomes
non-sex chromosomes
50
synaptonemal complex
A structure formed between homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis
51
synapsis
homologous chromosomes loosely pair up, aligned gene by gene
52
chiasmata
the X-shaped regions where crossing over occurred
53
zygote
a single cell that results from fertilization
54
cohesin
protein complexes responsible for sister chromatid
55
PLANT LIFE CYCLE: The diploid sporophyte makes haploid _____ by _______.
spores; meiosis
56
PLANT LIFE CYCLE: Each spore grows by ______ into a haploid organism called a ________.
mitosis; gametophyte
57
PLANT LIFE CYCLE: A gametophyte makes haploid _______ by ______.
gametes; mitosis
58
PLANT LIFE CYCLE: Fertilization of gametes results in a ______.
diploid sporophyte
59
FUNGI LIFE CYCLE: The zygote produces ______ cells by ______.
haploid; meiosis
60
FUNGI LIFE CYCLE: Each haploid cell grows by ______ into a haploid multicellular organism.
mitosis
61
FUNGI LIFE CYCLE: The haploid adult produces ______ by ______.
gametes; mitosis
62
Role of mitosis in the body
cell growth, repair, and development
63
role of meiosis in the body
reproduction

Biology Exam 3 (6 decks)

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