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Biology Exam 3 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

a single individual passes genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes.

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2
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents

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3
Q

Are there any organisms that can reproduce both sexually and asexually?

A

Yes. Ex: aphids, flatworms, starfish

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4
Q

Which type of division is used for each type of reproduction?

A

Asexual: mitosis
Sexual: meiosis

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5
Q

Reductional division

A

Homologs pair up and separate, resulting in two haploid daughter cells with replicated chromosomes.

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6
Q

equational division

A

Sister chromatids separate.

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7
Q

Which type of division occurs during Meiosis I?

A

Reductional division

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8
Q

Which type of division occurs during Meiosis II?

A

Equational division

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9
Q

What constitutes a pair of homologous chromosomes?

A

homologous chromosomes, or homologs, which have the same length, shape, and carry genes controlling the same characters

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10
Q

If an organism’s genome consists of 2n=46, how many pairs of homologous chromosomes does it have? How many of the chromosomes are maternal in origin? How many are paternal in origin?

A
  • 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
  • 23 maternal
  • 23 paternal
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11
Q

In humans, how many individual chromosomes and homologous pairs are autosomes?

A

Pairs 1- 22; 44 chromosomes

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12
Q

In humans, how many individual chromosomes and homologous pairs are sex chromosomes?

A

Pair number 23; 2 chromosomes

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13
Q

Describe the types of human sex chromosomes..

A

The sex chromosomes, pair 23, determine the sex of the individual and are called X and Y; In an unfertilized egg (ovum), the sex chromosome is X; In a sperm cell, the sex chromosome may be X or Y

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14
Q

Which human sex chromosomes are present in a female?

A

XX

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15
Q

Which human sex chromosomes are present in a male?

A

XY

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16
Q

Steps in Meiosis 1

A
  • Prophase 1
  • Metaphase 1
  • Anaphase 1
  • Telophase 1 and cytokinesis
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17
Q

Prophase 1

A

Typically occupies more than 90% of the time required for meiosis; Chromosomes begin to condense; nuclear envelope dissolves; crossing over may occur

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18
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Homologous pairs (Tetrad) line up at the metaphase plate, with one chromosome facing each pole; Microtubules from one pole are attached to the kinetochore of one chromosome of each tetrad; Microtubules from the other pole are attached to the kinetochore of the other chromosome

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19
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes separate; One chromosome moves toward each pole, guided by the spindle apparatus; Sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere and move as one unit toward the pole

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20
Q

Telophase 1 and cytokinesis

A

Chromosomes decondense; nuclear envelope reforms; each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes; each chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids; Cytokinesis usually occurs simultaneously, forming two haploid daughter cells

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21
Q

Steps in meiosis 2

A
  • Prophase 2
  • Metaphase 2
  • Anaphase 2
  • Telophase 2 and cytokinesis
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22
Q

Prophase 2

A

Chromosomes begin to condense; nuclear envelope dissolves; a spindle apparatus forms; late prophase 2, chromosomes (each still composed of two chromatids) move toward the metaphase plate

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23
Q

metaphase 2

A

sister chromatids align individually at the metaphase plate; The kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to microtubules extending from opposite poles

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24
Q

anaphase 2

A

the sister chromatids separate and move as two newly individual chromosomes toward opposite poles

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25
Q

telophase 2 and cytokinesis

A

the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles; Nuclei form, and the chromosomes begin decondensing; Cytokinesis separates the cytoplasm

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26
Q

How does the alignment of the chromosomes at the metaphase plate differ between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2?

A

Meiosis 1: in homologous pair

Meiosis 2: as individual, replicated chromosomes

27
Q

Describe independent assortment.

A

Each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation; Applies only to genes on different, nonhomologous chromosomes

28
Q

At what point in meiosis does independent assortment occur?

A

Metaphase 1

29
Q

How does independent assortment contribute to genetic recombination in offspring?

A

increases genetic variation by producing recombinant genotypes

30
Q

Describe crossing over.

A

In synapsis, homologous chromosomes loosely pair up, aligned gene by gene, held together by the proteins of the synaptonemal complex; Each pair of chromosomes forms a tetrad, a group of four chromatids; In crossing over, non-sister chromatids exchange DNA segments; Each tetrad usually has one or more chiasmata, X-shaped regions where crossing over occurred

31
Q

When does crossing over occur in meiosis?

A

Starts in early prophase 1

32
Q

How does crossing over contribute to genetic recombination in offspring?

A

Increases genetic variation by producing recombinant genotypes

33
Q

How does alternation of generation observed in plants differ from the life cycle of mammals?

A

Animal life cycle:
- 1 diploid multicellular stage

Plant life cycle:
- a diploid (sporophyte) and haploid (gametophyte) multicellular stage.

34
Q

How does the life cycle of fungi differ from that of mammals?

A

Animal life cycle:
- 1 diploid multicellular stage

Fungi life cycle:
- only diploid stage is the single-celled zygote; there is no multicellular diploid stage.

35
Q

Compare mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis

  • Conserves the number of chromosome sets,
  • Produces cells that are identical to the parent cell.

Meiosis

  • Reduces the number of chromosome sets from 2 to 1 (diploid to haploid)
  • Produces cells that are different from each other and from parent cell.
36
Q

Gonads

A

organs in animals, such as testes (male) and ovaries (female), where gametes are produced

37
Q

Gametogenesis

A

the production of gametes

38
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells

39
Q

Sperm

A

the sex cells of a male

40
Q

Egg (ovum)

A

the sex cells of a female

41
Q

Heredity

A

the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

42
Q

Variation

A

the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings

43
Q

Clone

A

one of a group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent

44
Q

Gene

A

the units of heredity; made up of segments of DNA found on a specific location of a certain chromosome

45
Q

Fertilization

A

Fusion of gametes

46
Q

Locus

A

the specific location of a gene on a chromosome

47
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

chromosomes that have the same length, shape, and carry the same genes

48
Q

Somatic cell

A

non-sex cells

49
Q

autosomes

A

non-sex chromosomes

50
Q

synaptonemal complex

A

A structure formed between homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis

51
Q

synapsis

A

homologous chromosomes loosely pair up, aligned gene by gene

52
Q

chiasmata

A

the X-shaped regions where crossing over occurred

53
Q

zygote

A

a single cell that results from fertilization

54
Q

cohesin

A

protein complexes responsible for sister chromatid

55
Q

PLANT LIFE CYCLE: The diploid sporophyte makes haploid _____ by _______.

A

spores; meiosis

56
Q

PLANT LIFE CYCLE: Each spore grows by ______ into a haploid organism called a ________.

A

mitosis; gametophyte

57
Q

PLANT LIFE CYCLE: A gametophyte makes haploid _______ by ______.

A

gametes; mitosis

58
Q

PLANT LIFE CYCLE: Fertilization of gametes results in a ______.

A

diploid sporophyte

59
Q

FUNGI LIFE CYCLE: The zygote produces ______ cells by ______.

A

haploid; meiosis

60
Q

FUNGI LIFE CYCLE: Each haploid cell grows by ______ into a haploid multicellular organism.

A

mitosis

61
Q

FUNGI LIFE CYCLE: The haploid adult produces ______ by ______.

A

gametes; mitosis

62
Q

Role of mitosis in the body

A

cell growth, repair, and development

63
Q

role of meiosis in the body

A

reproduction

Biology Exam 3 (6 decks)

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