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Path Midterm > Chapter 14 (1) > Flashcards

Chapter 14 (1) Flashcards

1
Q

Idiopathic oral inflam lesion that affects 40% of population and features a thin exudate and red rim

A

aphthous ulcer (canker sore, recurrent aphthous stomatitis)

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2
Q

Smoking, stress, trauma, fever, and certain foods will cause recurrance of ________

A

aphthous ulcers

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3
Q

Aphthous ulcers are treated with (3)

A

NSAIDs
corticosteroids
vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

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4
Q

Commonly infects young children; 80% are asymptomatic but 10-20% have ACUTE HERPETIC GINGIVOSTOMATITIS

A

Herpes simplex virus (cold sores/herpetic stomatits)

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5
Q

Most adults carry the latent infx for HSV in the TRIGEMINAL GANGLION, and when it reactivates, it is then called

A

recurrent herpetic stomatitis

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6
Q

Self-limiting lesions that feature a small group of vesicles 1-3mm, itching, burning, tingling and possible pyrexia (2)

A

HSV 1- OROFACIAL

HSV 2- GENITAL

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7
Q

UV light, pyrexia, cold, trauma, URTI, pregnancy (provoking exposures) can call recurrance of

A

HSV

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8
Q

If HSV spreads to brain and is life threatening, it is called _______, and can affect the CNS

A

herpesviral encephalitis

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9
Q

MC oral FUNGAL infx that presents as gray-to white, can be scraped off, and will be erythema below

A

oral candadiasis (candida albicans/THRUSH)

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10
Q

Type of oral proliferative lesion, nodular mass from chronic irritation that causes hyperplasia, MC along BITE LINE along the BUCCAL MUCOSA

A

fibroma

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11
Q
  • Type of oral proliferative lesion seen in PREGGOS, children, along GINGIVA
  • Due to hormonal factors and irritation
A

pyogenic granuloma

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12
Q

Raised WHITE PATCH that CAN’T be scraped off, due to inflam from tobacco, alcohol, candidiasis
- Males 2x

A

leukoplakia

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13
Q

LEUKOPLAKIA is found via dx of EXCLUSION to rule out CA, since 25% are precancerous and transition into ________

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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14
Q

LEUKOPLAKIA like condition that presents as a RED VELVETY area and 50% is precancerous

A

erythroplakia

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15
Q

LEUKOPLAKIA like condition with an EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS infxn + late stage immunosuppression

A

hairy leukoplakia

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16
Q

LEUKOPLAKIA like condition

- HPV infx, with hyperkeratosis and a WARTY appearance that commonly PROGRESSES to SCC

A

verrucous leukoplakia

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17
Q

____ cancer is usually dx when already in its ADVANCED stages

A

oral

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18
Q
  • 95% of all cases of oral cancer are ________, with common MULTIPLE primary tumors
  • Risks include alcohol, tobacco, HPV16
A

squamous cell carcinoma

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19
Q

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA is leukoplakia-like, and presents with WHITISH-GRAY or _____, found on the ______ tongue and floor of mouth
- MC site of metastasis is CERVICAL NODES

A

erythematous

ventral

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20
Q

If SCC is ___ it has a more FAVORABLE prognosis due to fewer mutations
- Found on BASE OF TONGUE, TONSILLAR CRYPTS

A

HPV-16

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21
Q

Primary salivary gland diseases are RARE, and are MC in the _____

A

parotid gland

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22
Q

Dry mouth, found in salivary gland disease that is due to decreased saliva production

A

xerostomia

23
Q

Two causes of xerostomia

A 
aging ( >70 yrs)
sjorgren syndrome (salivary gland disease is 2ndry)
24
Q

Two main features of XEROSTOMIA (salivary gland disease,) in addition to fissuring and ulceration of the tongue

A

dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)

dysarthria (diff forming speech)

25
Q

Salivary gland disease that includes INFLAMMATION and ENLARGEMENT

A

sialadenitis

26
Q

MC viral cause of sialadenitis, presents in parotids and is self limiting in CHILDREN but in ADULTS can cause pancreatitis & orchitis

A

mumps

27
Q

Blockage/rupture of glandular duct that connects salivary gland to oral cavity, presents on LOWER LIP in kids & elderly

A

mucocele

28
Q

Salivary gland neoplasms MC affect the ____, and are 65-80% (MC) in the _____ glands (but LEAST likely to be MALIGNANT)

A

elderly

parotid (LEAST malignant)

29
Q

Salivary gland neoplasms occur in the ______ glands 10% and _______ & minor salivary glands 10-25%, with the latter being MALIGNANT 50-90% of the time

  • Smaller glands are less common, but have an increased malignancy risk
A

submandibular

sublingual (more MALIGNANT)

30
Q
  • Benign, glandular neoplasm that comprises 60% of PAROTID tumors
  • Cartilage & bone, encapsulated
A

pleomorphic adenoma

31
Q

If a pleomorphic adenoma transitions into CA (2-10% do), it is then termed:

A

carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma

32
Q

The ____ esophageal sphincter tends to have MORE dysfunciton

A

lower

33
Q

______ lesions of the esophagus presents with ATRESIA, tracheal fistula, fibrosis, while ____ lesions show aperistalsis

A

mechanical

functional

34
Q

____ is seen with lesions that have ectopic gastric mucosa, in the UPPER 1/3 of the esophagus, and is MC asymptomatic

A

ectopia

35
Q

Triad of ____ includes

  1. incomplete LES relaxation
  2. increased LES tone
  3. esophageal aperistalsis
A

achalasia (failure to relax) (esophagus)

36
Q

Patient with ACHALASIA will have DYSPHAGIA, REGURGITATION, and the ________ esophagus becomes dilated

A

proximal

37
Q

____ achalasia is MC, due to loss of inhib innerv to LES, are IDIOPATHIC while ______ achalasia occurs comorbidly and involves INFLAMMATION near AUERBACH’S PLEXUS

A

primary

secondary

38
Q

Esophageal Varices:

Portal venous congestion -> portal HTN
portal BF –> esophageal ______

  • Dilated & tortuous esophageal vessels in the _____ esophagus
A

venous plexus

distal

39
Q

Esophageal varices are MC secondary to _______, 90% from ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE

A

liver cirrhosis

40
Q

Risk for severe ____ comes with ESOPHAGEAL VARICES, and HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK

A

hemorrhage

41
Q

_______ is common esophageal inflammation where symptoms do not correlate well with the degree of inflammation, MC cause is ______ (GERD)

  • Irritation, alcohol, smoking
A

esophagitis

reflux

42
Q

______ is the cause of ESOPHAGITIS if the patient experiences “SOUR BRASH,” while ______ is acute and self limited & caused by tobacco, alc, etc. ______ type occurs most in the immunosuppressed

A

GERD
chemical
infectious

43
Q

_________ is the MC laceration of the esophagus and is due to inadequate LES relax, from forceful vom as in alcholism, bulimia, acute illness. occurs in the ____ junction

  • Esophageal lacerations are commonly treated with a ________
A

mallory-weiss tear
gastroesophageal
balloon tamponade

44
Q

________ occurs following a WIDENING of the ESOPHAGEAL HIATUS , stomach protrudes into thorax

A

hiatal hernia

45
Q

_______ hiatal hernia is MC in 95% of cases and involves a BELL-shaped dilation while the _______ type has a separate portion of the stomach protruding

A

axial (SLIDING)

non-axial (ROLLING)

46
Q

While hiatal hernias are common (20% adults), ______ % are ASYMPTOMATIC, and symptoms are MC in ______ type, are found via a DDX of exclusion

A

90%

non-axial (rolling)

47
Q

Esophageal metaplasia considered a preneoplastic lesion that occurs in the DISTAL esoph

  • Stratified squamous –> column epi (contains goblet cells)
  • Red velvety bands “tongues”
A

barrett esophagus

48
Q

With barrett esoph complications may occur such as esophageal _____ ( ^ 30-100x), the risk is proportional to metaplasia/dysplasia, but to decrease chances the pt should stop _____

A

adenocarcinoma

irritants

49
Q
  • A _______ is a benign, smooth musc tumor,
  • ________ is 50% of US esoph cancers, with a risk being barrett esoph, occurs in DISTAL 1/3
  • _______ is the MC esoph tumor WORLDWIDE (2nd and 3rd world), 90%
A

leiomyoma
adenocarcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma

50
Q

Adenocarcinoma risk is decreased with increased _________

A

fruit/veggie consumption

51
Q
  • Features of adenocarcinoma are MC in the ______ stages, include obstruction, cachexia, weakness
  • _______ invasion of lymphatics + dx late leads to a poor prognosis
A

late

early

52
Q

MC demographic for the risk of squamous cell carcinoma, which will have a very poor prognosis if there is lymphatic mets (2)

A 
> 45 yo males (4x)
african americans (6x)
53
Q

ESOPHAGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA has distinct ________ and occurs in the ________ 1/3 of the esophagus

A

stricture

middle

54
Q

Esophageal adenocarcinomas commonly have _______ mutations and are located in the _________ of the esophagus

A

TP53

distal 1/3 (same as BARRET’S)

Path Midterm (4 decks)

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