Chapter 13 vocab Flashcards
crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms
hybridization
continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics
inbreeding
making changes in the DNA code of living organism, works almost the same way
Genetic engineering
many sets of chromosomes
poly ploid
cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides
restriction enzymes
a process that allows DNA fragments to be separated and analyzed
gel electrophoresis
produced by combining DNA from different sources
recombinant DNA
tells biologists how many copies to make of a gene
polymerase chain reaction
foreign DNA is first joined to a small, circular DNA molecule called this
plasmid
gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid from those that do not
genetic makeup
they contain genes from other species
transgenic
a member of population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
clone
allowing only those animals desired characteristic to produce the next generations. humans use this to pass desired traits to the next generations
selective breeding
What occurs during transformation.
a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell, this external DNA becomes a component of cell’s DNA
give two reasons why a plasmid is useful for DNA transfer
a. It has a DNA sequence that helps promote plasmid replication
b. The plasmid has a genetic marker
Describe what occurs in a successful transformation of cells
The recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell
How do scientists know that plants and animals share the same basic mechanisms of gene expression
A gene for luciferase, an animal enzyme, works perfectly in a plant
What is a transgenic organism
It is an organism that contains genes from other organisms
Describe how to make a transgenic organism
Using basic techniques of genetic engeering, a gene from one organism can be inserted into cells from another organism
Genetic engineering has spurred the growth of _________, a new industry that is changing the way we interact with the living world
biotechnology
what is true about transgenic mircoorganisms
- –transgenic bacteria produce human proteins cheaply and in a great abundance
- –people with insulin- dependent diabetes are now treated with pure human insulin
- –in the future, transgenic organisms may produce the raw materials for plastics
list four ways in which transgenic animals have been used
- to study genes
- to improve the food supply
- to study the effects if diseases on the human immune system
- to produce human proteins
what is a clone
a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
true or false: for years, many scientists thought that is was impossible to clone bacteria
false
true or false:all clone animals also transgenic
false
what kinds of mammals have been cloned in recent years
sheep, cows, pigs, mice, and other mammals
what items might soon be produced by transgenic plant
- –human antibodies
- –plastics
- –rot resistant foods
- –vitamin A-enriched rice
what is selective breeding
only animals with desired traits are allowed to produce hte next generation
what organisms have been produced by selective breeding
horses
dogs
cats
potatoes
who was lurther burbanks
selective plant breeder; disease resistant potatoes
true or false:hybrids are often hardier that either of the parents
true
what are the risks of inbreeding
cross between 2 individuals could bring two recessive alleles for a genetic defect
why are biologists interested in preserving the diversity of plants and animals in the wild
selective breeding would be nearly impossible without the wide variation thats found in natural populations
breeders can increase the genetic variation by inducing _______, which are the ultimate source of genetic variability
mutation
name two methods used by breeders to increase the rate of mutations
- –radiation
- –chemicals
why are radiation and chemicals useful techniques for producing mutant bacteria
the small size of bacteria enables millions of organisms to be treated at the same time so this increase the chances of producing a useful mutant
what is true about polyloidy
- –polyploidy plants have many sets of chromosomes
- –polyploidy is usually fatal in animals
- –bananas and some citrus fruits are polyploidy
what genetic engineering
making changes in the DNA code of living organism
true or false: making changes to the DNA code is similar to changing the code of a computer program
true
scientists use their knowledge of the ______ of DNA and its ______ properties to study and change DNA molecules
structure
chemicals
list four different techniques that molecular biologists use to study and change DNA molecule
- –extract
- –cut
- –identify sequence
- –making copies
explain how biologists get DNA out of a cell
the cells are opened and DNA is separated from other cell parts
biologists ______ to cut DNA molecules at a specific sequence of nucleotides to make smaller fragments
restriction enzymes
what steps do researchers use to show how they sue the DNA sequence of an organism
- –Identifying DNA sequences
- enables researchers to
- -study specific genes
- -compare to other genes
- -discover functions of other genes
