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biology > Chapter 13 vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 13 vocab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms

A

hybridization

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2
Q

continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics

A

inbreeding

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3
Q

making changes in the DNA code of living organism, works almost the same way

A

Genetic engineering

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4
Q

many sets of chromosomes

A

poly ploid

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5
Q

cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides

A

restriction enzymes

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6
Q

a process that allows DNA fragments to be separated and analyzed

A

gel electrophoresis

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7
Q

produced by combining DNA from different sources

A

recombinant DNA

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8
Q

tells biologists how many copies to make of a gene

A

polymerase chain reaction

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9
Q

foreign DNA is first joined to a small, circular DNA molecule called this

A

plasmid

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10
Q

gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid from those that do not

A

genetic makeup

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11
Q

they contain genes from other species

A

transgenic

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12
Q

a member of population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

A

clone

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13
Q

allowing only those animals desired characteristic to produce the next generations. humans use this to pass desired traits to the next generations

A

selective breeding

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14
Q

What occurs during transformation.

A

a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell, this external DNA becomes a component of cell’s DNA

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15
Q

give two reasons why a plasmid is useful for DNA transfer

A

a. It has a DNA sequence that helps promote plasmid replication
b. The plasmid has a genetic marker

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16
Q

Describe what occurs in a successful transformation of cells

A

The recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell

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17
Q

How do scientists know that plants and animals share the same basic mechanisms of gene expression

A

A gene for luciferase, an animal enzyme, works perfectly in a plant

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18
Q

What is a transgenic organism

A

It is an organism that contains genes from other organisms

19
Q

Describe how to make a transgenic organism

A

Using basic techniques of genetic engeering, a gene from one organism can be inserted into cells from another organism

20
Q

Genetic engineering has spurred the growth of _________, a new industry that is changing the way we interact with the living world

A

biotechnology

21
Q

what is true about transgenic mircoorganisms

A
  • –transgenic bacteria produce human proteins cheaply and in a great abundance
  • –people with insulin- dependent diabetes are now treated with pure human insulin
  • –in the future, transgenic organisms may produce the raw materials for plastics
22
Q

list four ways in which transgenic animals have been used

A
  • to study genes
  • to improve the food supply
  • to study the effects if diseases on the human immune system
  • to produce human proteins
23
Q

what is a clone

A

a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

24
Q

true or false: for years, many scientists thought that is was impossible to clone bacteria

A

false

25
Q

true or false:all clone animals also transgenic

A

false

26
Q

what kinds of mammals have been cloned in recent years

A

sheep, cows, pigs, mice, and other mammals

27
Q

what items might soon be produced by transgenic plant

A
  • –human antibodies
  • –plastics
  • –rot resistant foods
  • –vitamin A-enriched rice
28
Q

what is selective breeding

A

only animals with desired traits are allowed to produce hte next generation

29
Q

what organisms have been produced by selective breeding

A

horses
dogs
cats
potatoes

30
Q

who was lurther burbanks

A

selective plant breeder; disease resistant potatoes

31
Q

true or false:hybrids are often hardier that either of the parents

A

true

32
Q

what are the risks of inbreeding

A

cross between 2 individuals could bring two recessive alleles for a genetic defect

33
Q

why are biologists interested in preserving the diversity of plants and animals in the wild

A

selective breeding would be nearly impossible without the wide variation thats found in natural populations

34
Q

breeders can increase the genetic variation by inducing _______, which are the ultimate source of genetic variability

A

mutation

35
Q

name two methods used by breeders to increase the rate of mutations

A
  • –radiation

- –chemicals

36
Q

why are radiation and chemicals useful techniques for producing mutant bacteria

A

the small size of bacteria enables millions of organisms to be treated at the same time so this increase the chances of producing a useful mutant

37
Q

what is true about polyloidy

A
  • –polyploidy plants have many sets of chromosomes
  • –polyploidy is usually fatal in animals
  • –bananas and some citrus fruits are polyploidy
38
Q

what genetic engineering

A

making changes in the DNA code of living organism

39
Q

true or false: making changes to the DNA code is similar to changing the code of a computer program

A

true

40
Q

scientists use their knowledge of the ______ of DNA and its ______ properties to study and change DNA molecules

A

structure

chemicals

41
Q

list four different techniques that molecular biologists use to study and change DNA molecule

A
  • –extract
  • –cut
  • –identify sequence
  • –making copies
42
Q

explain how biologists get DNA out of a cell

A

the cells are opened and DNA is separated from other cell parts

43
Q

biologists ______ to cut DNA molecules at a specific sequence of nucleotides to make smaller fragments

A

restriction enzymes

44
Q

what steps do researchers use to show how they sue the DNA sequence of an organism

A
  • –Identifying DNA sequences
  • enables researchers to
  • -study specific genes
  • -compare to other genes
  • -discover functions of other genes

biology (11 decks)

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