Chapter 13 vocab

Question 1

crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms

Answer 1

hybridization

Question 2

continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics

Answer 2

inbreeding

Question 3

making changes in the DNA code of living organism, works almost the same way

Answer 3

Genetic engineering

Question 4

many sets of chromosomes

Answer 4

poly ploid

Question 5

cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides

Answer 5

restriction enzymes

Question 6

a process that allows DNA fragments to be separated and analyzed

Answer 6

gel electrophoresis

Question 7

produced by combining DNA from different sources

Answer 7

recombinant DNA

Question 8

tells biologists how many copies to make of a gene

Answer 8

polymerase chain reaction

Question 9

foreign DNA is first joined to a small, circular DNA molecule called this

Answer 9

plasmid

Question 10

gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid from those that do not

Answer 10

genetic makeup

Question 11

they contain genes from other species

Answer 11

transgenic

Question 12

a member of population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

Answer 12

clone

Question 13

allowing only those animals desired characteristic to produce the next generations. humans use this to pass desired traits to the next generations

Answer 13

selective breeding

Question 14

What occurs during transformation.

Answer 14

a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell, this external DNA becomes a component of cell’s DNA

Question 15

give two reasons why a plasmid is useful for DNA transfer

Answer 15

a. It has a DNA sequence that helps promote plasmid replication
b. The plasmid has a genetic marker

Question 16

Describe what occurs in a successful transformation of cells

Answer 16

The recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell

Question 17

How do scientists know that plants and animals share the same basic mechanisms of gene expression

Answer 17

A gene for luciferase, an animal enzyme, works perfectly in a plant

Question 18

What is a transgenic organism

Answer 18

It is an organism that contains genes from other organisms

Question 19

Describe how to make a transgenic organism

Answer 19

Using basic techniques of genetic engeering, a gene from one organism can be inserted into cells from another organism

Question 20

Genetic engineering has spurred the growth of _________, a new industry that is changing the way we interact with the living world

Answer 20

biotechnology

Question 21

what is true about transgenic mircoorganisms

Answer 21

• –transgenic bacteria produce human proteins cheaply and in a great abundance
• –people with insulin- dependent diabetes are now treated with pure human insulin
• –in the future, transgenic organisms may produce the raw materials for plastics

Question 22

list four ways in which transgenic animals have been used

Answer 22

• to study genes
• to improve the food supply
• to study the effects if diseases on the human immune system
• to produce human proteins

Question 23

what is a clone

Answer 23

a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

Question 24

true or false: for years, many scientists thought that is was impossible to clone bacteria

Answer 24

false

Question 25

true or false:all clone animals also transgenic

Answer 25

false

Question 26

what kinds of mammals have been cloned in recent years

Answer 26

sheep, cows, pigs, mice, and other mammals

Question 27

what items might soon be produced by transgenic plant

Answer 27

- --human antibodies - --plastics - --rot resistant foods - --vitamin A-enriched rice

Question 28

what is selective breeding

Answer 28

only animals with desired traits are allowed to produce hte next generation

Question 29

what organisms have been produced by selective breeding

Answer 29

horses dogs cats potatoes

Question 30

who was lurther burbanks

Answer 30

selective plant breeder; disease resistant potatoes

Question 31

true or false:hybrids are often hardier that either of the parents

Answer 31

true

Question 32

what are the risks of inbreeding

Answer 32

cross between 2 individuals could bring two recessive alleles for a genetic defect

Question 33

why are biologists interested in preserving the diversity of plants and animals in the wild

Answer 33

selective breeding would be nearly impossible without the wide variation thats found in natural populations

Question 34

breeders can increase the genetic variation by inducing _______, which are the ultimate source of genetic variability

Answer 34

mutation

Question 35

name two methods used by breeders to increase the rate of mutations

Answer 35

- --radiation | - --chemicals

Question 36

why are radiation and chemicals useful techniques for producing mutant bacteria

Answer 36

the small size of bacteria enables millions of organisms to be treated at the same time so this increase the chances of producing a useful mutant

Question 37

what is true about polyloidy

Answer 37

- --polyploidy plants have many sets of chromosomes - --polyploidy is usually fatal in animals - --bananas and some citrus fruits are polyploidy

Question 38

what genetic engineering

Answer 38

making changes in the DNA code of living organism

Question 39

true or false: making changes to the DNA code is similar to changing the code of a computer program

Answer 39

true

Question 40

scientists use their knowledge of the ______ of DNA and its ______ properties to study and change DNA molecules

Answer 40

structure | chemicals

Question 41

list four different techniques that molecular biologists use to study and change DNA molecule

Answer 41

- --extract - --cut - --identify sequence - --making copies

Question 42

explain how biologists get DNA out of a cell

Answer 42

the cells are opened and DNA is separated from other cell parts

Question 43

biologists ______ to cut DNA molecules at a specific sequence of nucleotides to make smaller fragments

Answer 43

restriction enzymes

Question 44

what steps do researchers use to show how they sue the DNA sequence of an organism

Answer 44

- --Identifying DNA sequences - enables researchers to - -study specific genes - -compare to other genes - -discover functions of other genes