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BIO 122 > Chapter 13 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organs of respiratory pathway

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Main Bronchi
  • Lungs
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2
Q

Define: Hyperventilation

A

Breathing more deeply and more rapidly

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3
Q

Define: Hypoventilation

A

Extremely slow or shallow breathing

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4
Q

Symptoms: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A
  • History of smoking
  • Dyspnea becomes more severe
  • Coughing
  • Pulmonary infections are common
  • Hypoxic
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5
Q

Causes: COPD

A
  • Tobacco smoke

- Air pollution

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6
Q

Lung cancer

A

Symptoms: tons of coughing
Cause: Tobacco (nicotine and nitrosamine)

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7
Q

When are lungs filled with fluid?

A

In fetus, when all exchanges are made via placenta

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8
Q

When are lungs drained?

A

At birth

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9
Q

When do lungs fully inflate?

A

Not until two weeks after birth

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10
Q

What is required to transform nonfunctional respiration into functional respiration?

A

Surfactant

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11
Q

As we age, what happens to our lungs?

A
  • Chest becomes more rigid and lungs slowly lose their elasticity
  • By age 70, VC decreases by about 1/3
  • More susceptible to sleep apnea
  • Ciliary activity of the mucosa decreases
  • More at risk for respiratory tract infections (pneumonia and influenza)
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12
Q

Define: Dyspnea

A

Difficult or labored breathing

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13
Q

Define: Apnea

A

Cessation of breathing

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14
Q

Why can’t we stop breathing voluntarily?

A

Respiratory centers will simply ignore messages from cortex (our wishes)

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15
Q

Physical factors that influence respiratory rate

A
  • Exercise (more signals to resp. muscles)
  • Increased body temperature (increase rate)
  • Nonrespiratory movements
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16
Q

What does Pons do for respiratory system?

A

Smooth out basic rhythm of breathing set by Medulla

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17
Q

Eupnea

A
  • Normal breathing rate

- 12-15 respirations/minute

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18
Q

What does Medulla do for respiratory system?

A
  • Sets basic rhythm of breathing via pacemaker
  • Stimulates diaphragm and intercostal muscles
  • Helps maintain eupnea
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19
Q

Which nerves transmit respiratory messages from CNS?

A
  • Phrenic

- Intercostal nerves

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20
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in blood?

A
  • Most transported in plasma as bicarbonate ion

- Smaller amount is transported in RBC, via attachment to hemoglobin

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21
Q

How is oxygen transported in blood?

A
  • Most transported by RBC, via attachment to hemoglobin

- Very small amount is dissolved in plasma and transported that way

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22
Q

Nonrespiratory Movements: Yawn

A

Very deep inspiration

23
Q

Nonrespiratory Movements: Hiccups

A

Sudden inspirations resulting from spasm in diaphragm

24
Q

Nonrespiratory Movements: Laughing

A

Same as crying, in terms of air exhalations

25
Q

Nonrespiratory Movements: Crying

A
  • Release of air in a number of short expirations

- Primarily an emotionally induced mechanism

26
Q

Nonrespiratory Movements: Sneeze

A

Same as cough, but upward air expels through nose

27
Q

Nonrespiratory Movements: Cough

A
  • Taking a deep breath, closing glottis, forcing air superiorly against glottis
  • Glottis opens and blast of air is rushed upwards
  • Acts to clear lower passageways
28
Q

Residual air

A

Even after most strenuous expiration, 1200 mL of air still remains in lungs, and it cannot be voluntarily expelled

29
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

The amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume

30
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration

31
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A
  • The sum of TV, IRV, ERV

- Total amount of exchangeable air

32
Q

Process: Inspiration/Inhalation

A

Diaphragm/external intercostals contract –> thoracic cavity increases –> lungs adhere to thoracic walls –> intrapulmonary volume increases –> gases in lungs spread out –> decrease in gas pressure in lungs creates parietal vacuum, air is sucked into lungs until pulmonary pressure equals atmospheric

33
Q

Process: Exhalation

A

Inspiratory muscles relax –> rib cage descends & lungs recoil –> thoracic volume decreases –> gases in lungs forced closer –> intrapulmonary pressure raises higher than atmospheric pressure –> gas flows out of lungs to equalize pressure

34
Q

Description: Exhalation

A
  • Exhalation

- Depends more on elasticity of lungs than on muscle contraction

35
Q

Pulmonary respiration

A
  • “breathing”

- Air moves in and out of lungs so that gases in alveoli are continuously refreshed

36
Q

Internal respiration

A

At systemic capillaries, gas exchanges made between blood and tissue cells

37
Q

External respiration

A
  • Gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli must take place
  • Gas exchanges are being made between blood and body EXTERIOR
38
Q

Cellular respiration

A
  • Carbon atoms leave as CO2, and H atoms combine with O to form H2O
  • Cornerstone of all energy-producing chemical reactions in body
39
Q

Protective mechanism: surfactant

A

Lipid molecule that coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces

40
Q

Protective mechanism: laryngal cartilages

A

Protects pathways

41
Q

Protective mechanism: epiglottis

A

Prevents food from entering larynx

42
Q

Protective mechanism: tracheal cilia

A

Push bacteria/dust/particles superiorly, away from lungs

43
Q

Protective mechanism: mucosa

A
  • Moistens air

- Traps incoming foreign particles

44
Q

Protective mechanism: Alveolar macrophages

A
  • “dust cells”

- pick up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris

45
Q

Pathway of air from main bronchi to blood

A

Bronchi –> bronchioles –> terminal bronchioles –> alveolar duct –> alveoli

46
Q

Lungs

A
  • W/o mediastinum, lungs occupy entire thoracic cavity
  • Site of gas exchange at respiratory membrane
  • Apex is deep to clavicle; base rests atop diaphragm
  • Covered with pulmonary/visceral serosa
  • Stroma is mainly elastic connective tissue
47
Q

Main Bronchi

A
  • Formed by division of trachea
  • Right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter
  • Only warm, mostly cleansed, and well humidified air passes through bronchi
48
Q

Nose

A
  • Only exterior part of Resp. System
  • First line of defense when filtering out air
  • Palate separates it from oral cavity
  • Sinuses lighten the skull
49
Q

Pharynx

A
  • Passageway for food and air, about 5 in.
  • Nasopharynx>oropharynx>laryngopharynx>larynx
  • Tonsils in nasopharynx and oropharynx
  • Ear infections may follow sore throat
50
Q

Larynx

A
  • “Voice box”
  • Routes food/air into proper channels
  • Comprised of 8 cartilages & epiglottis
  • Vestibular/Vocal folds formed by mucous membrane (Glottis between the two)
51
Q

How is a cough triggered?

A

If anything other than air enters the larynx

52
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

Normal quiet breathing moves approximately 500 mL of air into and out of the lungs with each breath

53
Q

Lobes on each side of lung

A

Left: Two lobes
Right: Three lobes

BIO 122 (6 decks)

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