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BIO 122 > Chapter 12 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Two major types of structures in lymphatic system

A 
Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
Lymphatic tissues/organs
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2
Q

What is lymph?

A

Excessive tissue fluid leaked out at capillaries, picked up by lymphatics, cleansed by lymph nodes, and transported back to heart via successively larger lymphatics

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3
Q

Function: lymph nodes

A

Cleanse lymph, preparing it for reentry to the blood

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4
Q

Function: tonsils

A

Trap and remove any bacteria or any foreign particles entering the throat

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5
Q

Function: thymus

A

Produce hormones (thymosin and others) that function in the programming of certain lymphocytes so that they can carry out their protective roles in the body

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6
Q

Function: Peyer’s patches

A

Their macrophages (very prevalent in small intestine) capture and destroy bacteria, thereby preventing them from penetrating the intestinal wall

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7
Q

Function(s): spleen

A
  • Filters bacteria, viruses, and other debris from blood
  • Destroys worn out RBCs and returns some of their breakdown products to the liver
  • Stores platelets and acts as blood reservoir
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8
Q

First Line of Defense (Innate, nonspecific, defense mechanisms)

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
  • Secretions of skin and mucous membranes
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9
Q

Second Line of Defense (Innate, nonspecific, defense mechanisms)

A
  • Phagocytic cells
  • Antimicrobial proteins
  • The inflammatory response
  • Natural Killer Cells
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10
Q

Third Line of Defense (Adaptive, specific, defense mechanisms)

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Antibodies
  • Macrophages
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11
Q

Protective function: Skin

A
  • Keratinized epidermis provides barrier to most foreign microorganisms
  • Acid mantle
  • Everything from BIO 121
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12
Q

Protective function(s): Mucous membranes

A
  • Line all body cavities exposed to exterior, trapping most particles that try to enter
  • Mucous-covered hairs in nose also trap invading particles
  • Mucous-covered cilia in respiratory tract sweeps substances AWAY from lungs
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13
Q

Protective function(s): Skin and mucous membrane secretions

A
  • pH trammels bacterial growth; sebum has chemicals that are toxic to bacteria
  • Stomach secretes hydrochloric acid and protein-digesting enzymes that work to kill pathogens
  • Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain lysozyme (kills bacteria)
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14
Q

Function: Phagocytes

A

Engulfs foreign particle, enclosing it in a vacuole. It then fuses with enzymatic contents of lysosome, and the particle’s contents are broken or digested

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15
Q

Function(s): Natural Killer Cells

A
  • Lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells (recognizes sugars on cell’s membrane, and also lack of “self” cell surface molecules)
  • Not phagocytic; releases PERFORINS through cell’s membrane, quickly causing the cell’s interior to disintegrate
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16
Q

Four signs of inflammation

A
  • Heat
  • Swelling
  • Pain
  • Redness
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17
Q

Inflammatory cells released at site of injured tissue/cells

A
  • Histamine

- Kinins

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18
Q

Inflammation process: what causes redness and heat?

A

Dilation of blood vessels causes increased blood flow to area

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19
Q

Inflammation process: what causes swelling and pain?

A

Plasma leaks from blood into tissue space

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20
Q

Inflammation process (4)

A

1) Chemical “alarm” is sounded at injured site, releasing histamine and kinins
2) Prevents spreading of damaging agents to nearby tissues with diapedesis (neutrophils being squeezed through capillary walls) beginning
3) Disposes of cell debris and pathogens (with help of neutrophils and monocytes (eventually turning to insatiable macrophages))
4) Sets stage for repair: Clotting proteins (fibrin) begin to wall off area, initiating tissue repair. Heat helps speed up metabolic rate.

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21
Q

Function(s): Complement

A
  • Group of plasma proteins that lyses microorganisms, enhances phagocytosis by opsonization, and intensifies inflammatory response
  • MAC attacks
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22
Q

Function(s): Interferons

A
  • Mobilize immune system

- Proteins released by virus-infected cells that prevent spread of virus

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23
Q

Function(s): Urine

A
  • pH inhibits bacterial growth

- Cleanses lower urinary tract as it flushes from body

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24
Q

What is fever?

A

Systemic response triggered by pyrogens

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25
Q

How does fever help the body?

A

Inhibits multiplication of bacteria (by stealing all of bacteria’s required iron and zinc)
Enhances body repair process

26
Q

Define: Antigen (Ag)

A

Any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response

27
Q

Define: Nonself Antigen

A

Most are large, complex molecules not normally present in our bodies. Our bodies consider these foreign invaders

28
Q

Define: Self-Antigen

A

As our immune system develops, it takes an inventory of all of these molecules, recognizing them as “self.”

29
Q

Define: Hapten

A
  • Incomplete Antigen
  • Small, non-antigenic molecules that, when linked up with our own proteins, our immune system recognizes them as foreign invaders and mounts an attack
30
Q

Complete Antigenic Substances (7)

A

1) Virtually all foreign proteins
2) Nucleic Acids
3) Many large carbohydrates
4) Some lipids
5) Proteins (strongest antigens)
6) Pollen grains
7) Microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and virus particles)

31
Q

Two arms of Adaptive (Specific) Defense System

A

1) Humoral Immunity (antibody-mediated immunity)

2) Cellular Immunity (cell-mediated immunity)

32
Q

Humoral Immunity (antibody-mediated immunity)

A
  • Provided by antibodies present in body’s “humors,” or fluids
  • B lymphocytes produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity
33
Q

Cellular Immunity (cell-mediated immunity)

A
  • Protective factor is living cells

- T lymphocytes are non-antibody produce lymphocytes that constitute cellular immunity

34
Q

Where does a B cell develop immunocompetence?

A

Bone marrow

35
Q

Where does a T cell develop immunocompetence?

A

Thymus

36
Q

What do B and T cells have in common?

A
  • Must develop self-tolerance (teaching a cell to not bind with the body’s self-antigens)
  • Migrate to lymph nodes and spleen after developing immunocompetence
  • It is not until a B or T cell bind with their recognized antigens that they become fully mature
37
Q

Role of B cells

A
  • Lymphocytes that reside in the lymph nodes, spleen, or other lymphoid tissues, where it is induced to replicate by antigen-binding and helper T cell interactions
  • Its progency (clone members) form plasma cells and memory cells
38
Q

Types of T cells

A
  • Helper T cells
  • Killer T cells
  • Regulatory T cells
39
Q

Role of Helper T cell

A

Stimulates the production of other immune cells (killer T cells or B cells) to help fight the invader

40
Q

Role of Killer T cell

A
  • Its specialty is killing virus-invaded body cells, as well as body cells that have become cancerous
  • Involved in graft rejection
41
Q

Role of Regulatory T cell

A

Slows or stops the activity of B and T cells once the infection (or attack by foreign cells) has been conquered.

42
Q

Role of Plasma cell

A

Produces huge numbers of the same antibody (immunoglobulin)

43
Q

Role of Memory cell

A
  • Generated during the initial immune response (primary response)
  • May exist in the body for years thereafter, enabling it to respond quickly and efficiently to subsequent infections or meetings with the same antigen
44
Q

Role of Macrophages in immunity

A
  • Engulf foreign particles and rid them from the area
  • Act as “antigen presenters” for immunocompetent T cells
  • Secrete cytokines
  • Become insatiable phagocytes (killer macrophages) when activated T cells release certain chemicals.
45
Q

Five antibody classes

A 
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgG
IgE
46
Q

IgM

A
  • Attached to B cell; free in plasma
  • When bound to B cell membrane, serves as antigen receptor
  • First Ig class released to plasma by plasma cells during primary response
  • Potent agglutinating agent
  • Fixes complement
47
Q

IgA

A
  • Some (monomer) in plasma; dimmer in secretions such as saliva, tears, intestinal juice, and milk
  • Bathes and protects mucosal surfaces from attachment of pathogens
48
Q

IgD

A
  • Virtually always attached to B cell
  • Believed to be the surface receptor of immunocompetent B cell
  • Important in activation of B cell
49
Q

IgG

A
  • Most abundant antibody in plasma; represents 75-85% of circulating antibodies
  • Main antibody of both primary and secondary responses
  • Crosses placenta and provides passive immunity to fetus
  • Fixes complement
50
Q

IgE

A
  • Secreted by plasma cells in skin, mucosae of gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, and tonsils
  • Binds to mast cells and basophils, and triggers release of histamine and other chemicals that mediate inflammation and certain allergic responses
51
Q

Four ways antibodies act against antigens

A
  • Complement fixation
  • Agglutination
  • Precipitation
  • Neutralization
52
Q

Complement fixation

A

When complement proteins bind to certain sugars or proteins on the foreign cell’s surface
- Can lead to MAC attack: creates holes on foreign cell’s surface, allowing water to rush in a burst cell

53
Q

Agglutination

A

When antibody-antigen cross-linking involves cell-bound antigen, the process causes clumping of the foreign cells.

54
Q

Neutralization

A

Occurs when antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) or on viruses that can cause cell injury. In this way, they block the harmful effects of the exotoxin or virus

55
Q

Precipitation

A

When cross-linking involves soluble antigenic molecules, the resulting antigen-antibody complexes are so large that they become insoluble and settle out of solution

56
Q

Active Immunity

A
  • When our B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them
  • Naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections
  • Artificially acquired when we receive vaccines
57
Q

Passive Immunity

A
  • Antibodies obtained from the serum of an immune human or animal donor
  • B cells are NOT challenged by the antigen, and immunological memory does NOT occur, as the temporary protection provided by the “borrowed antibodies” ends when they degrade in the body
58
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

Production or function of immune cells or complement is abnormal

59
Q

Allergies (hypersensitivities)

A

Abnormally vigorous immune responses in which the immune system causes tissue damage as it fights off a perceived “threat” that would otherwise be harmless to the body.

60
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Immune system produces antibodies (auto-antibodies) and sensitized T cells that attack and damage its own tissues

61
Q

Origin of lymphatics

A

They bud from the veins of the blood vascular system by the fifth week of development, as well as the main clusters of lymph nodes

BIO 122 (6 decks)

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