Chapter 13 and 15 Flashcards
neural tissue requires
a constant supply of oxygenated blood to carry out its roles
blood brain barrier has a
protective function so not everything in the blood stream will reach neural tissue
arterial system
supplied by the internal carotid and vertebral arteries
both sets run in pairs to supply blood to the brain
internal carotid system
80%
arise from the common carotid arteries
vertebral system
20%
run up from the back of the neck, meet to form basilar artery
after the arterial systems enter the skull they join to form the
circle of willis
the circle of willis is meant to be protective, but is frequently a location for
aneurysms
what arteries exit the circle of willis
anterior cerebral arteries (ACA)
middle cerebral arteries (MCA)
posterior cerebral arteries (PCA)
the 3 main pairs of arteries that account for blood supply to the brain are …
anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
posterior cerebral artery
the middle cerebral artery is the main location for
strokes aka CVA
watershed regions exists between each of the
main cerebral blood supply distributions
thalamus is the
relay system/ gatekeeper for all major portions of the brain
basal ganglia is a key component for
motor system and cognition
the blood brain barrier is a
filter
how is the blood brain barrier a protective mechanism
prevents larger pathogens/ viruses from entering brain and hold good structures in the brain to maintain chemical balance
does alcohol get through the blood brain barrier
yes
especially into the cerebellum (coordination/balance)
stroke definition
abrupt and dramatic development of a focal neurological deficit caused by arterial occlusion or hemorrhage
what is the cerebrovascular system responsible for
the distribution of oxygenated and nutrient, rich blood to the brain and spinal structures
essential to the functions of those structures
what does the vascular system serve
the entire body, but the brain is one of the first structures to receive oxygen, rich blood from the heart by the way of the aorta, and its branches
medical attention immediately after onset of suspected CVS is essential for
maximizing outcomes
what is recovery
restoration of the function within an area of the cortex that was initially lost after the injury
what is compensation
when a different neural tissue takes over function lost after an injury
neuroplasticity definition
nervous system’s ability to change is a complex construct
what are the two types of neuroplasticity
neural
behavioral
neural/ microplasticity
takes place on a cellular level
behavioral/ macroplasticity
changes in function
neuroplasticity maladaptive
poor recovery results and ineffective rewiring
brain changes at cellular level=
how neurons adapt and repair themselves
long term potentiation (LTP)
process of increasing neuroplasticity with strengthening synapses and networks
LTP
patterns of activity leads to
patterns of neural stimulations, crucial for plastic nervous system
synaptic potentiation
changes at cell/synaptic level
increases sensitivity to signals
structural potential
changes to networks of neurons. sprouting, additional dendrites and dendritic branches on axon collaterals
structural depression
decline in dendrite and axon collaterals (pruning)
behavioral/system level changes=
allows brain to respond to environmental changes or changes in the organism itself
principles of experience-dependent on neural plasticity
use it or lose it
use it and improve it
specificity
repetition matters
intensity matters
time matters
salience matters
age matters
transerence matters
interference
use it and improve it
practice makes permanence, perfect practice makes perfect
specificity
treatment targets must be equivalent to behaviors we wish to change
intensity matters
how much intervention is optimal? how many sessions? how long should the treatment period be?
time matters
when is the optimal time for intervention, what is appropriate for chronic recovery may not always be appropriate in acute recovery
salience matter
the more personally relevant the action=more impact
“we remember what is important to us”
transference matters
generalization
how therapy tasks can be used in real world
interference
plasticity response to one experience can interfere with the acquisition of other behaviors
benefitting in one area can interfere in a different area
removing contexts for relevant tasks and environments can alter ability to generalize=
potential lead to maladaptive changes
application of experiece-dependent plasticity
dosing
accuracy
individualized
carryover
environment
intrinsic
intensity
total time in therapy sessions and distribution of sessions
dose
number of teaching episodes in a session
therapeutic alliance
degree to which client agrees with and believes that the approach a therapist is using will result in improvement
plasticity is relevant to
typical development, aging, and recovery following neurological lesions
long term potentiation is a process of
strengthening neural networks through stimulation and is critical for memory and learning
plasticity can be
adaptive or maladaptive
