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Adult Language Disorders CSD 510 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

afferent

A

sensory (ascending)

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2
Q

efferent

A

motor (descending)

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3
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

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4
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

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5
Q

bilateral

A

both sides

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6
Q

nerve

A

bundle of neuron fibers (axons) collected through traveling through PNS

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7
Q

tract

A

nerve fibers traveling through CNS from 1 region to another

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8
Q

gray matter

A

CNS tissue cell bodies, dendrites and neuroglia (homes)

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9
Q

white matter

A

CNS axons that project from 1 cell body to another (roads)

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9
Q

neuron

A

basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system

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9
Q

glial cells

A

specialized cells that support and surround neurons

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10
Q

ganglion

A

group of cell bodies usually PNS

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11
Q

nucleus

A

group of cell bodies usually CNS

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12
Q

ventral

A

toward the belly

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13
Q

dorsal

A

toward the back

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14
Q

homeostasis

A

self regulation, internal stability, not static, dynamic process

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15
Q

gyrus

A

hills and ridges of brain

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16
Q

sulcus

A

valley or enfolding of brain

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17
Q

fissure

A

valley or enfolding, deeper than sulcus usually

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18
Q

fasciculus

A

group of axons

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19
Q

commissure

A

band of fibers/axons connecting two sides of the nervous system

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20
Q

projection tract

A

group of axons that begin in the brain and extend out of the brain (spinal cord)

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21
Q

association tract

A

group of axons that lie within a hemisphere, connect to one lobe or another, or one gyrus to another within a lobe

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22
Q

commissural tract

A

groups of axons that extend from one hemisphere to the other

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23
Q

parenchyma

A

function tissue of an organ, not connective or supporting tissue

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24
Q

what is the function tissue in the brain

A

neurons and glial cells

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25
Q

coronal (frontal plane)

A

like a crown, separates the front (anterior) and back (posterior) of the body

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26
Q

sagittal (longitudinal) plane

A

separates the left and right sides of the body

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27
Q

transverse (axial) plane

A

separates the upper (superior) and lower (inferior) halves of the body

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28
Q

central nervous system consists of the

A

brain and spinal cord

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29
Q

peripheral nervous system
autonomic

A

unconscious control of body systems

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30
Q

peripheral nervous system
somatic

A

conducts sensorimotor signals voluntary control of body

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31
Q

PNS
autonomic
sympathetic

A

fight, flight, or freeze

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32
Q

PNS
autonomic
parasympathetic

A

rest, digest, recover

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33
Q

what does gray matter do

A

process information

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34
Q

what does white matter do

A

transmits signals

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35
Q

cell bodies send signals through _____

A

axons to other cells

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36
Q

spinal cord

A

CNS
conduit for signals and controls only the most basic functions, reflexes

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37
Q

brain stem

A

CNS
controls automatic and visceral systems, regulates heart rate and respiration, sleep-wake cycles, etc…

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38
Q

diencephalon

A

CNS
relaying signals coming up from brain stem and other sources

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39
Q

cerebrum

A

CNS
complex sensory and motor integration, perception, and cognitive functioning

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40
Q

language is in the

A

left hemisphere mostly

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41
Q

CNS functions

A

motor (movement), somatosensory (sensory), specialized senses, language, expression, higher level cognition

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42
Q

homunculus

A

little human
representation of motor and sensory maps for integration and sensory primary processing

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43
Q

homunculus
enlarged lips, hands, and tongue=

A

more brain cells controlling the areas

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44
Q

is the PNS protected by bony structures?

A

no

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45
Q

PNS is comprised of

A

nerves (+ cranial nerves) and ganglia

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46
Q

ganglia

A

collections of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

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47
Q

what are the two efferent PNS divisions?

A

somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system

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48
Q

somatic nervous system

A

supplies motor impulses to the skeletal muscles
“voluntary nervous system”
sensation and movement signals

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49
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

motor impulses to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glandular epithelium
“involuntary nervous system”

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50
Q

autonomic nervous system is subdivided into the

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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51
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

part of autonomic nervous system
flight, fight, and freeze

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52
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

part of autonomic nervous system
rest, digest, and recover

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53
Q

soma

A

neuron
cell body

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54
Q

soma
nucleus

A

neuron
containing DNA

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55
Q

soma
organelles

A

neuron
do work needed to keep the cell alive and power their functions

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56
Q

dentrites

A

neuron
“receivers” extends to soma

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57
Q

dendrites
receptor sites

A

neuron
receive info
(from neural signals from other neurons, responds to sensory inputs)

58
Q

axon

A

neuron
extends from soma
carries electrical signals away from soma

59
Q

axon
axon terminal

A

neuron
end of axon
can allow other neurons to synapse from other neurons

60
Q

neuron

A

specialized brain cells that send signals to create all of our experiences

61
Q

myelin

A

neuron
fatty sheath, covers axons

62
Q

myelin
nones of navier

A

neuron
gaps in the myelination on axons
helps transmission of electrical signals

63
Q

what are 3 things neurons need for neural communication?

A

structure, electrical, and chemical

64
Q

ion channels

A

neuron
allows ions to move in and out of neuron, most are ion specific

65
Q

ion pumps

A

neuron
energy (ATP) using system that move ions across cells membranes

66
Q

action potentials

A

neuron
signaling neuron, rapid sequence in voltage across membrane

67
Q

resting potential

A

neuron
non-signaling neuron, determined by concentration gradients of ions

68
Q

synapse

A

neuron
point of communication of two neurons

69
Q

what are the 3 required parts of the neuron synapse

A

presynaptic ending, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic ending

70
Q

glial cells

A

supportive cells
provide structure, protection, and waste management

71
Q

90% of cells in the nervous system =

A

glial cells
(chocolate chip cookie analogy)

72
Q

meninges=

A

your P.A.D.
cover, cushion, and protect the CNF

73
Q

Dura Mater

A

tough mother
outer layer that has two layers of tough fibrous tissue

74
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle layer, similar to skin, keeps CSF in place

75
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space between arachnoid and pia mater
the brain cushion

76
Q

pia mater

A

delicate
inner layer, adheres to surface of brain and spinal cord

77
Q

brain cortex
white and grey matter

A

gray makes up outer surface of cortex
white is in the middle

78
Q

spinal cord
white and gray matter

A

white coating with gray middle

79
Q

CSF is produced where?

A

in the choroid plexis of the ventricles
provides nutrients and protection

80
Q

CSF vital functions

A

covers and cushions brain, protects brain from bones in skull, buoyancy, endocrine (transport system for hormones of the brain), waste removal

81
Q

cerebral cortex
cingulate gyrus

A

part of limbic system
emotions, motivation, and drive

82
Q

cerebral cortex
corpus callosum

A

band of commissural axons connecting R and L hemispheres

83
Q

cerebral cortex
thalamus

A

relay station for motor and sensory (hearing, taste, sight, touch)

84
Q

cerebral cortex
hypothalamus

A

produced hormones that regulate heart rate, body temp, hunger, sleep-wake cycles, smell

85
Q

right cortex

A

visual spatial, social rules, judgement, geometric, musical

86
Q

left cortex

A

language, reading, writing, auditory comprehension, verbal expression, mathematical, analytical

87
Q

what are the 4/5 lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
insular

88
Q

frontal lobe

A

motor cortex

89
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory cortex

90
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory cortex

91
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual cortex

92
Q

insular lobe

A

sensorimotor, socio-emotional, olfactory-gustatory, cognitive

93
Q

what are the three regions of the frontal lobe?

A

prefrontal cortex
motor cortices
frontal operculum

94
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

frontal lobe
higher level cognition/executive functions. reasoning, planning. problem solving, memory

95
Q

motor cortices

A

frontal lobe
voluntary motor function

96
Q

frontal operculum

A

language production and speech motor planning

97
Q

brocas area

A

frontal operculum
essential in speech production

98
Q

frontal lobe lesion effects

A

trouble w/ learning, visual-motor learning, mood swings, non-fluent aphasia, executive dysfunction

99
Q

what are the 2 regions of the parietal lobe?

A

sensory and perception
integrating sensory input

100
Q

parietal lobe functions

A

position sense, tactile sensations, taste, attentional processing, sensory input

101
Q

parietal lobe lesion effects

A

altered sensation on opposite side of body, sensory, acuity deficit, agnosia, crude awareness of pain or temp etc…

102
Q

why will a patient not lose all sensation with a parietal lobe general lesion?

A

sensation still has to pass through the thalamus first

103
Q

temporal lobe

A

3 horizontal gyri, receives a lot of info from thalamus.
manages emotions, processes info from senses, stores and retrieves memories, understanding lang

104
Q

temporal lobe lesion effects

A

memory deficits, trouble with new learning, attention problems, epilepsy, changes in sex drive and emotional changes

105
Q

temporal lobe
amygdala

A

processing system for emotions and links emotions to other brain abilities (memories, learning, and your senses)

106
Q

the amygdala helps control…

A

behaviors, emotional control, and learning

107
Q

temporal lobe
amygdala hijack

A

disables the prefrontal cortex and rational reactions
skips processing steps related to your senses

108
Q

occipital lobe

A

primary visual cortex
visual processing, recognition, spatial analysis, perception

109
Q

occipital lobes
lesion effects

A

blindness, visual field cuts, blind sports, visual distortions

110
Q

insular lobe

A

self awareness, sensorimotor, socio-emotional, olfactory-gustatory, motivation and risk reward behavior, autonomics

111
Q

insular lobe lesion effects

A

lack of disgust, change/disappearance of an addition, compulsive behavior, aphasia, pseudo foreign accent syndrome

112
Q

what are the subcortical structures?

A

basal ganglia
thalamus
hypothalamus
limbic system

113
Q

basal ganglia primary function

A

motor control, subconscious movement (where parkinson’s can occur)

114
Q

basal ganglia motor loop

A

movement requires complex sensorimotor loops agonist muscles contract whilst the antagonist muscles relaxes, need to know where you are in space

115
Q

basal ganglia lesion effects

A

chorea, athetosis, dystonia, parkinsonisms, OCD

116
Q

thalamus basic functions

A

sleep wake cycle, hunger/thirst/ hormonal systems, arousal, emotions, sensory

117
Q

thalamus
sensory

A

big relay center for all sensory impulses (except smell)

118
Q

thalamus lesion effects

A

memory loss, loss in sensation, thalamic syndrome, apathy, trouble with attention, sleepiness

119
Q

hypothalamus regulates

A

body temperature, regulates pituitary gland, behavior, autonomic responses

120
Q

limbic system

A

connect to the deef structures of the primitive brain : out instincts and emotions

121
Q

limbic system lesion effects

A

recent memory deficits, visual agnosia, language impairments, behavior disturbances

122
Q

cerebellum has an impact over …

A

the ipsilateral side of the body (same side)

123
Q

cerebellum functions

A

coordinates muscle movements with sensory input, controls balance, influences muscle tone, motor learning, mental function, visions

124
Q

cerebellum lesion effects

A

ataxia, unsteady gait, cognitive impairment, dystonia, tremors, vertigo, anxiety disorders, dyslexia, schizophrenia

125
Q

basal ganglia vs. cerebellum

A

both- receive input from all the areas of the cortex and sent output to the motor cortex

basal ganglia- does not receive direct spinal input, more closely related to the cerebral cortex

cerebellum- receives direct spinal input, influences major descending pathways directly

126
Q

what does the brainstem control

A

breathing, heart rate, blood pressure (vital functions)

127
Q

the brainstem is the center for multiple vital functions compose of three parts which are

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

128
Q

the midbrain is the center for?

A

it’s the reflex center
movement of eyes, head, neck, and trunk

129
Q

the midbrain contains the

A

reticular activating system
for arousal and consciousness

130
Q

the midbrain contains which cranial nerves

A

III and IV

131
Q

what does the pons help with

A

control respiration and relay center for the cerebellum through cerebellar peduncles

132
Q

what cranial nerves does the pons contain

A

V, VI, VII, VIII

133
Q

what are the medulla oblongata vital functions

A

centers for cardiac, respiration, and vasomotor function

134
Q

what are the medulla oblongata non-vital functions

A

sneezing, coughing, hiccuping, vomiting, swallowing

135
Q

who does the medulla oblongata communicate with

A

the cerebrum and the cerrebellum

136
Q

what cranial nerves does the medulla oblongata contain?

A

IX, X, XI, XII

137
Q

how many cranial nerves are there

A

12

138
Q

sensorimotor loop allows for

A

multiple modes of info to be mixed before being sent to the spinal system

139
Q

sensorimotor loop
loops are …

A

redundant with overlapping information

140
Q

what is the spinal cord?

A

elongated mass of CNS from the brainstem to approximately L1

141
Q

the nervous system has what type of oriented organization

A

systemic and functional

142
Q

the nervous system organization allows for …

A

communication between structures to carry out complex motor and communication processes

143
Q

are the 2 sides of the brain mirror images

A

no

144
Q

brain injury and strokes commonly cause cognitice deficits…

A

though they cannot always be easily seen

Adult Language Disorders CSD 510 (3 decks)

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