Chapter 1 Flashcards
afferent
sensory (ascending)
efferent
motor (descending)
ipsilateral
same side
contralateral
opposite side
bilateral
both sides
nerve
bundle of neuron fibers (axons) collected through traveling through PNS
tract
nerve fibers traveling through CNS from 1 region to another
gray matter
CNS tissue cell bodies, dendrites and neuroglia (homes)
white matter
CNS axons that project from 1 cell body to another (roads)
neuron
basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system
glial cells
specialized cells that support and surround neurons
ganglion
group of cell bodies usually PNS
nucleus
group of cell bodies usually CNS
ventral
toward the belly
dorsal
toward the back
homeostasis
self regulation, internal stability, not static, dynamic process
gyrus
hills and ridges of brain
sulcus
valley or enfolding of brain
fissure
valley or enfolding, deeper than sulcus usually
fasciculus
group of axons
commissure
band of fibers/axons connecting two sides of the nervous system
projection tract
group of axons that begin in the brain and extend out of the brain (spinal cord)
association tract
group of axons that lie within a hemisphere, connect to one lobe or another, or one gyrus to another within a lobe
commissural tract
groups of axons that extend from one hemisphere to the other
parenchyma
function tissue of an organ, not connective or supporting tissue
what is the function tissue in the brain
neurons and glial cells
coronal (frontal plane)
like a crown, separates the front (anterior) and back (posterior) of the body
sagittal (longitudinal) plane
separates the left and right sides of the body
transverse (axial) plane
separates the upper (superior) and lower (inferior) halves of the body
central nervous system consists of the
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
autonomic
unconscious control of body systems
peripheral nervous system
somatic
conducts sensorimotor signals voluntary control of body
PNS
autonomic
sympathetic
fight, flight, or freeze
PNS
autonomic
parasympathetic
rest, digest, recover
what does gray matter do
process information
what does white matter do
transmits signals
cell bodies send signals through _____
axons to other cells
spinal cord
CNS
conduit for signals and controls only the most basic functions, reflexes
brain stem
CNS
controls automatic and visceral systems, regulates heart rate and respiration, sleep-wake cycles, etc…
diencephalon
CNS
relaying signals coming up from brain stem and other sources
cerebrum
CNS
complex sensory and motor integration, perception, and cognitive functioning
language is in the
left hemisphere mostly
CNS functions
motor (movement), somatosensory (sensory), specialized senses, language, expression, higher level cognition
homunculus
little human
representation of motor and sensory maps for integration and sensory primary processing
homunculus
enlarged lips, hands, and tongue=
more brain cells controlling the areas
is the PNS protected by bony structures?
no
PNS is comprised of
nerves (+ cranial nerves) and ganglia
ganglia
collections of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
what are the two efferent PNS divisions?
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
somatic nervous system
supplies motor impulses to the skeletal muscles
“voluntary nervous system”
sensation and movement signals
autonomic nervous system
motor impulses to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glandular epithelium
“involuntary nervous system”
autonomic nervous system is subdivided into the
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
sympathetic nervous system
part of autonomic nervous system
flight, fight, and freeze
parasympathetic nervous system
part of autonomic nervous system
rest, digest, and recover
soma
neuron
cell body
soma
nucleus
neuron
containing DNA
soma
organelles
neuron
do work needed to keep the cell alive and power their functions
dentrites
neuron
“receivers” extends to soma
dendrites
receptor sites
neuron
receive info
(from neural signals from other neurons, responds to sensory inputs)
axon
neuron
extends from soma
carries electrical signals away from soma
axon
axon terminal
neuron
end of axon
can allow other neurons to synapse from other neurons
neuron
specialized brain cells that send signals to create all of our experiences
myelin
neuron
fatty sheath, covers axons
myelin
nones of navier
neuron
gaps in the myelination on axons
helps transmission of electrical signals
what are 3 things neurons need for neural communication?
structure, electrical, and chemical
ion channels
neuron
allows ions to move in and out of neuron, most are ion specific
ion pumps
neuron
energy (ATP) using system that move ions across cells membranes
action potentials
neuron
signaling neuron, rapid sequence in voltage across membrane
resting potential
neuron
non-signaling neuron, determined by concentration gradients of ions
synapse
neuron
point of communication of two neurons
what are the 3 required parts of the neuron synapse
presynaptic ending, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic ending
glial cells
supportive cells
provide structure, protection, and waste management
90% of cells in the nervous system =
glial cells
(chocolate chip cookie analogy)
meninges=
your P.A.D.
cover, cushion, and protect the CNF
Dura Mater
tough mother
outer layer that has two layers of tough fibrous tissue
arachnoid mater
middle layer, similar to skin, keeps CSF in place
subarachnoid space
space between arachnoid and pia mater
the brain cushion
pia mater
delicate
inner layer, adheres to surface of brain and spinal cord
brain cortex
white and grey matter
gray makes up outer surface of cortex
white is in the middle
spinal cord
white and gray matter
white coating with gray middle
CSF is produced where?
in the choroid plexis of the ventricles
provides nutrients and protection
CSF vital functions
covers and cushions brain, protects brain from bones in skull, buoyancy, endocrine (transport system for hormones of the brain), waste removal
cerebral cortex
cingulate gyrus
part of limbic system
emotions, motivation, and drive
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
band of commissural axons connecting R and L hemispheres
cerebral cortex
thalamus
relay station for motor and sensory (hearing, taste, sight, touch)
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
produced hormones that regulate heart rate, body temp, hunger, sleep-wake cycles, smell
right cortex
visual spatial, social rules, judgement, geometric, musical
left cortex
language, reading, writing, auditory comprehension, verbal expression, mathematical, analytical
what are the 4/5 lobes of the brain
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
insular
frontal lobe
motor cortex
parietal lobe
sensory cortex
temporal lobe
auditory cortex
occipital lobe
visual cortex
insular lobe
sensorimotor, socio-emotional, olfactory-gustatory, cognitive
what are the three regions of the frontal lobe?
prefrontal cortex
motor cortices
frontal operculum
prefrontal cortex
frontal lobe
higher level cognition/executive functions. reasoning, planning. problem solving, memory
motor cortices
frontal lobe
voluntary motor function
frontal operculum
language production and speech motor planning
brocas area
frontal operculum
essential in speech production
frontal lobe lesion effects
trouble w/ learning, visual-motor learning, mood swings, non-fluent aphasia, executive dysfunction
what are the 2 regions of the parietal lobe?
sensory and perception
integrating sensory input
parietal lobe functions
position sense, tactile sensations, taste, attentional processing, sensory input
parietal lobe lesion effects
altered sensation on opposite side of body, sensory, acuity deficit, agnosia, crude awareness of pain or temp etc…
why will a patient not lose all sensation with a parietal lobe general lesion?
sensation still has to pass through the thalamus first
temporal lobe
3 horizontal gyri, receives a lot of info from thalamus.
manages emotions, processes info from senses, stores and retrieves memories, understanding lang
temporal lobe lesion effects
memory deficits, trouble with new learning, attention problems, epilepsy, changes in sex drive and emotional changes
temporal lobe
amygdala
processing system for emotions and links emotions to other brain abilities (memories, learning, and your senses)
the amygdala helps control…
behaviors, emotional control, and learning
temporal lobe
amygdala hijack
disables the prefrontal cortex and rational reactions
skips processing steps related to your senses
occipital lobe
primary visual cortex
visual processing, recognition, spatial analysis, perception
occipital lobes
lesion effects
blindness, visual field cuts, blind sports, visual distortions
insular lobe
self awareness, sensorimotor, socio-emotional, olfactory-gustatory, motivation and risk reward behavior, autonomics
insular lobe lesion effects
lack of disgust, change/disappearance of an addition, compulsive behavior, aphasia, pseudo foreign accent syndrome
what are the subcortical structures?
basal ganglia
thalamus
hypothalamus
limbic system
basal ganglia primary function
motor control, subconscious movement (where parkinson’s can occur)
basal ganglia motor loop
movement requires complex sensorimotor loops agonist muscles contract whilst the antagonist muscles relaxes, need to know where you are in space
basal ganglia lesion effects
chorea, athetosis, dystonia, parkinsonisms, OCD
thalamus basic functions
sleep wake cycle, hunger/thirst/ hormonal systems, arousal, emotions, sensory
thalamus
sensory
big relay center for all sensory impulses (except smell)
thalamus lesion effects
memory loss, loss in sensation, thalamic syndrome, apathy, trouble with attention, sleepiness
hypothalamus regulates
body temperature, regulates pituitary gland, behavior, autonomic responses
limbic system
connect to the deef structures of the primitive brain : out instincts and emotions
limbic system lesion effects
recent memory deficits, visual agnosia, language impairments, behavior disturbances
cerebellum has an impact over …
the ipsilateral side of the body (same side)
cerebellum functions
coordinates muscle movements with sensory input, controls balance, influences muscle tone, motor learning, mental function, visions
cerebellum lesion effects
ataxia, unsteady gait, cognitive impairment, dystonia, tremors, vertigo, anxiety disorders, dyslexia, schizophrenia
basal ganglia vs. cerebellum
both- receive input from all the areas of the cortex and sent output to the motor cortex
basal ganglia- does not receive direct spinal input, more closely related to the cerebral cortex
cerebellum- receives direct spinal input, influences major descending pathways directly
what does the brainstem control
breathing, heart rate, blood pressure (vital functions)
the brainstem is the center for multiple vital functions compose of three parts which are
midbrain, pons, medulla
the midbrain is the center for?
it’s the reflex center
movement of eyes, head, neck, and trunk
the midbrain contains the
reticular activating system
for arousal and consciousness
the midbrain contains which cranial nerves
III and IV
what does the pons help with
control respiration and relay center for the cerebellum through cerebellar peduncles
what cranial nerves does the pons contain
V, VI, VII, VIII
what are the medulla oblongata vital functions
centers for cardiac, respiration, and vasomotor function
what are the medulla oblongata non-vital functions
sneezing, coughing, hiccuping, vomiting, swallowing
who does the medulla oblongata communicate with
the cerebrum and the cerrebellum
what cranial nerves does the medulla oblongata contain?
IX, X, XI, XII
how many cranial nerves are there
12
sensorimotor loop allows for
multiple modes of info to be mixed before being sent to the spinal system
sensorimotor loop
loops are …
redundant with overlapping information
what is the spinal cord?
elongated mass of CNS from the brainstem to approximately L1
the nervous system has what type of oriented organization
systemic and functional
the nervous system organization allows for …
communication between structures to carry out complex motor and communication processes
are the 2 sides of the brain mirror images
no
brain injury and strokes commonly cause cognitice deficits…
though they cannot always be easily seen
