Chapter 13 and 15

Question 1

neural tissue requires

Answer 1

a constant supply of oxygenated blood to carry out its roles

Question 2

blood brain barrier has a

Answer 2

protective function so not everything in the blood stream will reach neural tissue

Question 3

arterial system

Answer 3

supplied by the internal carotid and vertebral arteries

both sets run in pairs to supply blood to the brain

Question 4

internal carotid system

Answer 4

80%
arise from the common carotid arteries

Question 5

vertebral system

Answer 5

20%
run up from the back of the neck, meet to form basilar artery

Question 6

after the arterial systems enter the skull they join to form the

Answer 6

circle of willis

Question 7

the circle of willis is meant to be protective, but is frequently a location for

Answer 7

aneurysms

Question 8

what arteries exit the circle of willis

Answer 8

anterior cerebral arteries (ACA)
middle cerebral arteries (MCA)
posterior cerebral arteries (PCA)

Question 9

the 3 main pairs of arteries that account for blood supply to the brain are …

Answer 9

anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
posterior cerebral artery

Question 10

the middle cerebral artery is the main location for

Answer 10

strokes aka CVA

Question 11

watershed regions exists between each of the

Answer 11

main cerebral blood supply distributions

Question 12

thalamus is the

Answer 12

relay system/ gatekeeper for all major portions of the brain

Question 13

basal ganglia is a key component for

Answer 13

motor system and cognition

Question 14

the blood brain barrier is a

Answer 14

filter

Question 15

how is the blood brain barrier a protective mechanism

Answer 15

prevents larger pathogens/ viruses from entering brain and hold good structures in the brain to maintain chemical balance

Question 16

does alcohol get through the blood brain barrier

Answer 16

yes
especially into the cerebellum (coordination/balance)

Question 17

stroke definition

Answer 17

abrupt and dramatic development of a focal neurological deficit caused by arterial occlusion or hemorrhage

Question 18

what is the cerebrovascular system responsible for

Answer 18

the distribution of oxygenated and nutrient, rich blood to the brain and spinal structures

essential to the functions of those structures

Question 19

what does the vascular system serve

Answer 19

the entire body, but the brain is one of the first structures to receive oxygen, rich blood from the heart by the way of the aorta, and its branches

Question 20

medical attention immediately after onset of suspected CVS is essential for

Answer 20

maximizing outcomes

Question 21

what is recovery

Answer 21

restoration of the function within an area of the cortex that was initially lost after the injury

Question 22

what is compensation

Answer 22

when a different neural tissue takes over function lost after an injury

Question 23

neuroplasticity definition

Answer 23

nervous system’s ability to change is a complex construct

Question 24

what are the two types of neuroplasticity

Answer 24

neural
behavioral

Question 25

neural/ microplasticity

Answer 25

takes place on a cellular level

Question 26

behavioral/ macroplasticity

Answer 26

changes in function

Question 27

neuroplasticity maladaptive

Answer 27

poor recovery results and ineffective rewiring

Question 28

brain changes at cellular level=

Answer 28

how neurons adapt and repair themselves

Question 29

long term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 29

process of increasing neuroplasticity with strengthening synapses and networks

Question 30

LTP patterns of activity leads to

Answer 30

patterns of neural stimulations, crucial for plastic nervous system

Question 31

synaptic potentiation

Answer 31

changes at cell/synaptic level increases sensitivity to signals

Question 32

structural potential

Answer 32

changes to networks of neurons. sprouting, additional dendrites and dendritic branches on axon collaterals

Question 33

structural depression

Answer 33

decline in dendrite and axon collaterals (pruning)

Question 34

behavioral/system level changes=

Answer 34

allows brain to respond to environmental changes or changes in the organism itself

Question 35

principles of experience-dependent on neural plasticity

Answer 35

use it or lose it use it and improve it specificity repetition matters intensity matters time matters salience matters age matters transerence matters interference

Question 36

use it and improve it

Answer 36

practice makes permanence, perfect practice makes perfect

Question 37

specificity

Answer 37

treatment targets must be equivalent to behaviors we wish to change

Question 38

intensity matters

Answer 38

how much intervention is optimal? how many sessions? how long should the treatment period be?

Question 39

time matters

Answer 39

when is the optimal time for intervention, what is appropriate for chronic recovery may not always be appropriate in acute recovery

Question 40

salience matter

Answer 40

the more personally relevant the action=more impact "we remember what is important to us"

Question 41

transference matters

Answer 41

generalization how therapy tasks can be used in real world

Question 42

interference

Answer 42

plasticity response to one experience can interfere with the acquisition of other behaviors benefitting in one area can interfere in a different area

Question 43

removing contexts for relevant tasks and environments can alter ability to generalize=

Answer 43

potential lead to maladaptive changes

Question 44

application of experiece-dependent plasticity

Answer 44

dosing accuracy individualized carryover environment intrinsic

Question 45

intensity

Answer 45

total time in therapy sessions and distribution of sessions

Question 46

dose

Answer 46

number of teaching episodes in a session

Question 47

therapeutic alliance

Answer 47

degree to which client agrees with and believes that the approach a therapist is using will result in improvement

Question 48

plasticity is relevant to

Answer 48

typical development, aging, and recovery following neurological lesions

Question 49

long term potentiation is a process of

Answer 49

strengthening neural networks through stimulation and is critical for memory and learning

Question 50

plasticity can be

Answer 50

adaptive or maladaptive