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Psychopathology > Chapter 13: Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Personality Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

A ________ _______ is a persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behaviour that results in enduring emotional distress for the person affected and for others and may cause difficulties with work and relationships

A

personality disorder

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2
Q

Several studies have shown that people who are _________ have a worse outcome in treatment if they also have a personality disorder

A

depressed

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3
Q

When it comes to personality disorders, what is the issue that continues to be debated in the field ?

A

whether personality disorders are extreme versions of otherwise typical personality variations (dimensions) or ways of relating that are different from psychologically healthy behaviour

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4
Q

The distinction between problems of degree and problems of kind is usually described in terms of __________ and _________.

A
  • dimensions
  • categories
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5
Q

Categorical models are ________ but they are also too ______.

A
  • convenient
  • rigid
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6
Q

Some had proposed that the DSM-IV-TR personality disorders section be replaced or at least supplemented by a ___________ model in which individuals would not only be given categorical diagnoses but would also be rated on a series of personality dimensions

A

dimensional

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7
Q

What are three advantages of a dimensional model?

A
  1. retain more information about each individual
  2. more flexibility; permits both categorical and dimensional differentiations among individuals
  3. avoids random choice decisions involved in assigning a person to a diagnostic category
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8
Q

One of the more widely accepted models is called the “_____ _____” or the _____-______model

A
  • Big Five
  • Five Factor
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9
Q

What are the five factors in the five factor model?

A
  • extraversion
  • agreeableness
  • openness
  • conscientiousness
  • neuroticism
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10
Q

List the 3 personality clusters.

A
  1. Cluster A: odd or eccentric
  2. Cluster B: dramatic, emotional, or erratic
  3. Cluster C: anxious or fearful
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11
Q

Which three personality disorders fall under cluster A?

A
  • paranoid
  • schizoid
  • schizotypical
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12
Q

Which four personality disorders fall under cluster B?

A
  • antisocial
  • borderline
  • histrionic
  • narcissistic
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13
Q

Which three personality disorders fall under cluster C?

A
  • Obsessive compulsive
  • dependent
  • avoidant
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14
Q

What sort of life changes do people with personality disorders experience?

A
  • more suicide attempts
  • more trouble at work
  • being separated or divorced
  • having problems with friends and relatives
  • having problems with the law
  • Clusters A and B diagnoses were associated with various physical diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and arthritis
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15
Q

____% of the world population has a personality disorder. Personality disorders are more prevalent in ____-______ countries.

A
  • 7.8%
  • high income
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16
Q

TRUE or FALSE: a person could receive a diagnosis of one personality disorder at one point in time but years later no longer meet the criteria for that original problem and now have characteristics of a second (or third) personality disorder.

A

TRUE

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17
Q

Histrionic personality disorder is biased against _______ while antisocial personality disorder is biased against _____.

A
  • females
  • males
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18
Q

Individuals with borderline personality disorder die by suicide at a rate about ____ times higher than the general population, with most research suggesting that ____-____% of patients with this disorder have taken their own lives. However, their symptoms gradually improve if they reach their ___’s.

A
  • 50
  • 8 to 10%
  • 30’s
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19
Q

Overall, who tends to be diagnosed with personality disorders more often, men or women?

A

men

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20
Q

A major concern with personality disorders is that:

A

people tend to be diagnosed with more than one

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21
Q

_________ __________ disorder involves pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent.

A

paranoid personality disorder

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22
Q

The defining characteristic of people with paranoid personality disorder is a ________ __________ ________

A

pervasive unjustified distrust

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23
Q

Individuals with paranoid personality disorder are very sensitive to _______ and have an excessive need for _______. Having this disorder increases the risk of _____ _____and _______ _______, and is related to having a _____ overall quality of life.

A
  • criticism
  • autonomy
  • suicide attempts
  • violent behaviour
  • poor
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24
Q

How is paranoid personality disorder different from the paranoid type of schizophrenia and delusional disorder?

A

Their suspicions don’t reach delusional proportions and they don’t experience hallucinations

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25
Q

what are some potential causes for paranoid personality disorder? (CGRUMPS)

A
  • genetics
  • poor treatment/upbringing
  • relatives with schizophrenia
  • maladaptive schemas
  • cultural factors
  • severe cognitive disorders
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26
Q

Why is it hard to treat people with paranoid personality disorder?

A
  • They’re mistrustful
  • unlikely to seek professional help when they need it
  • Have difficulty developing the trusting relationships necessary for successful therapy
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27
Q

When it comes to treating clients with paranoid personality disorder, what is the important first step?

A

Establishing a meaningful therapeutic alliance between the client and the therapist

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28
Q

TRUE or FALSE: to date there are multiple demonstrations that any form of treatment can significantly improve the lives of people with paranoid personality disorder

A

FALSE: to date there are no confirmed demonstrations that any form of treatment can significantly improve the lives of people with paranoid personality disorder

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29
Q

Paranoid personality disorder bears relationship to:

A

paranoid type of schizophrenia and delusional disorder

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30
Q

When it comes to treating paranoid personality disorder, therapists will use _______ _______ to change mistaken assumptions about others

A

cognitive therapy

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31
Q

A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions is called ________ _________ disorder.

A

Schizoid personality disorder

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32
Q

Clinical description of schizoid personality disorder

A
  • doesn’t enjoy nor have an interest in closeness with others, including romantic or sexual relationships
  • appear cold, aloof, and detached
  • don’t seem affected by praise or criticism
  • social isolation, poor rapport, and constricted affect
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33
Q

____________ appears to be prevalent among people with schizoid personality disorder. What is one of the possible explanations as to why this is?

A
  • Homelessness
  • they lack of close friendships and lack of dissatisfaction about not having a relationship with another person
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34
Q

List four possible causes for Schizoid personality disorder (CLAN)

A
  • childhood shyness
  • abuse
  • neglect
  • low density dopamine receptors
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35
Q

How is schizoid personality disorder treated?

A

with social skills training like role playing

36
Q

It is rare for a person with _______ personality disorder to request treatment except in response to a crisis such as extreme depression or losing a job.

A

schizoid

37
Q

___________ ___________ disorder involves a pervasive pattern of interpersonal deficits featuring acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships, as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behaviour.

A

Schizotypal personality disorder

38
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder is considered by some to be on the same ________ as schizophrenia but without some of the more debilitating symptoms, such as ________ and _______.

A
  • spectrum
  • hallucinations
  • delusions
39
Q

Clinical description of schizotypal personality disorder

A
  • social deficits, psychotic like symptoms, cognitive impairments/paranoia
  • Ideas of reference
  • report unusual perceptual experiences
  • hypersensitive to criticism as children
40
Q

TRUE or FALSE: It’s common for individuals with schizotypal personality disorder go on to develop schizophrenia

A

FALSE: Only a small proportion of individuals with schizotypal personality disorder go on to develop schizophrenia

41
Q

What are the three possible causes for schizotypal personality disorder?

A
  • genetics, prevalence of disorders in relatives
  • left hemisphere damage; brain abnormalities
  • abnormalities in semantic association abilities (may be cause of magical ideation)
42
Q

People with schizotypal personality disorder who request clinical help often seek assistance for ___________ or ___________.

A

anxiety or depression

43
Q

The presence of schizotypal personality disorder significantly increases the risk for developing _______ _________ ________ even years later

A

major depressive disorder

44
Q

How do practitioners treat schizotypal personality disorder?

A
  • CBT
  • treat depression
  • antipsychotic medication
  • community treatment
  • social skills training
45
Q

____________ ___________ disorder involves a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others.

A

antisocial personality disorder

46
Q

antisocial personality disorder is similar to the non DSM label _________, but with greater emphasis on overt behaviour rather than on personality traits.

A

psychopathy

47
Q

What is the clinical description of antisocial personality disorder?

A
  • aggressive, lying, cheating, no remorse
  • substance abuse common
  • unnatural death common for boys with this disorder
  • Moral insanity, egopathy, sociopathy, and psychopathy
48
Q

___-___% of male offenders are diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.

A

50-80%

49
Q

It is important to note the developmental nature of antisocial behaviours and traits. The DSM-5-TR provides a separate diagnosis for children who engage in behaviours that violate society’s norms called _____________ ___________.

A

conduct disorder

50
Q

What are the two subtypes of conduct disorder?

A
  • childhood-onset type (the onset of at least one criterion characteristic of CD before age ten)
  • adolescent-onset type (the absence of any criteria characteristic of CD before age ten)
51
Q

When it comes to antisocial personality disorder, the most important personality characteristic that distinguished the boys who showed a stable and persistent pattern of physical aggression, theft, and vandalism was a combination of high __________ and low __________.

A
  • impulsivity
  • empathy
52
Q

The likelihood of developing antisocial personality disorder increases if the child has both _______ ________ and ______.

A
  • conduct disorder
  • ADHD
53
Q

Genetic influences on antisocial personality disorder

A
  • gene environment interaction (certain environmental influences are important only in the presence of certain genetic predispositions)
  • chronic stress in family
  • academic difficulty, peer problems, low family income, neglect and harsh discipline from parents
  • underarousal of cortex, fearlessness
54
Q

Neurobiological influences on antisocial personality disorders

A
  • executive cognitive deficits in psychopaths
    • Underarousal hypothesis (abnormally low levels of cortical arousal, causing fearlessness)
    • fearlessness hypothesis (antisocial and risk taking behaviours due to having a higher threshold for experiencing fear)
  • insufficiently developed cortices ( key role in the inhibition and control of impulses)
  • Deficit MAOA due to defective gene producing it
55
Q

Psychological and social dimensions of antisocial personality disorder

A
  • failure to abandon an unattainable goal
  • aversive interchange with parents
  • parents’ inept monitoring of child’s activities
  • inconsistent parental discipline at home
  • Experience of physical abuse ( when certain individuals are severely traumatized by loved ones, over time they might learn to turn off their emotions as a way of coping)
56
Q

When it comes to antisocial personality disorder, The most common treatment strategy for children involves _______ _______

A

parent training

57
Q

When it comes to antisocial personality disorder, a __________ approach to treatment can help reduce delinquent behaviour on the part of juveniles who have committed criminal offences.

A

multifacted

58
Q

Preschool programs that provide good ______ ______ and ______ ______ can help prevent antisocial personality disorder

A
  • parenting skills
  • family support
59
Q

___________ ____________ disorder involves a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects, and control over impulses.

A

Borderline personality disorder

60
Q

________ personality disorder is one of the most common personality disorders observed in clinical settings.

A

Borderline

61
Q

Clinical description of borderline personality disorder

A
  • turbulent relationships, fear of abandonment, self mutilating behavours, no control over emotions
  • often engage in suicidal or self mutilating behaviours
  • Approximately 10% die by suicide
  • comorbid with other disorders (mood disorders, eating disorder, substance abuse)
  • impulsivity
62
Q

why are men with borderline personality disorder susceptible to abusing their partner?

A

because they set excessively high standards for others and blame their partners when things go wrong

63
Q

What are the causes of borderline personality disorder?

A
  • genetics, related to mood disorder
  • memory bias (for negative cognitions typical of this disorder)
  • Childhood sexual abuse; similarities with PTSD
  • early trauma and biological predisposition
  • experienced rapid cultural changes
64
Q

How do practitioners treat borderline personality disorder?

A
  • antipsychotics and antidepressants
  • Dialectual behaviour therapy (effective in reducing suicide attempts)
  • Treatments similar to those with PTSD
  • couples therapy for some
65
Q

What are three subtypes of patients with borderline personality disorder?

A
  1. impulsive subtype (those with a history of impulsive, self-destructive, and treatment-threatening behaviours)
  2. identity disturbance subtype (those with a markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self)
  3. affective cluster (those with marked mood swings and difficulty controlling anger)
66
Q

Out of the three subtypes of borderline personality disorder, which subtype is not recommended to receive couples counseling as a form of treatment?

A

The impulsive subtype

67
Q

___________ ___________ disorder involves a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking.

A

histrionic personality disorder

68
Q

Clinical description of histrionic personality disorder

A
  • Dramatic, theatrical, self centred, vain, seeks constant reassurance, impulsive
  • views situations in global black and white terms
  • speech is often vague, lacking in detail
69
Q

Evidence suggests that histrionic personality and _________ _________ co-occur more often than chance would account for.

A

antisocial personality

70
Q

How are practitioners to treat histrionic personality disorder?

A
  • improving problematic interpersonal relationships
  • teaching appropriate ways of negotiating their wants and needs
71
Q

______ ________ disorder involves a pervasive pattern of grandiosity in fantasy or behaviour, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

A

Narcissistic personality disorder

72
Q

Clinical description of Narcissistic personality disorder

A
  • unreasonable sense of self importance, grandiosity
  • no compassion for others, arrogant, envious
  • because they often fail to live up to their own expectations, they are frequently depressed
73
Q

What causes narcissistic personality disorder?

A
  • failure of empathetic “mirroring” from parents
  • child remains fixated at self-centered, grandiose stage of development
74
Q

How do practitioners treat narcissistic personality disorder?

A
  • CBT
  • coping strategies (relaxation training, accepting criticism)
  • empathizing
  • treatment of depression
75
Q

_________ _________ disorder involves a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism.

A

Avoidant personality disorder

76
Q

Clinical description of avoidant personality disorder

A
  • interpersonally anxious
  • fears rejection
  • pessimistic about their future
77
Q

What causes avoidant personality disorder?

A
  • Born with difficult temperament, parental rejection, uncritical love
  • low self esteem, social alienation persisting into adulthood
  • overreactive behavioural inhibition system
78
Q

How do practitioners treat avoidant personality disorder?

A
  • social skills training
  • CBT; graduated exposure to feared situations
  • Behavioural rehearsal; patients act out situations that cause anxiety
  • systematic desensitization; relaxing in the Prescence of feared situations
  • medical interventions for anxiety
79
Q

________ ____________ disorder is characterized by a person’s pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, a condition that leads to submissive and clinging behaviour and fears of separation.

A

dependent personality disorder

80
Q

Clinical description of Dependent personality disorder

A
  • interpersonally dependent, anxious
  • submissive, timid, passive
  • feelings of inadequacy, sensitive to criticism, needs reassurance
  • clings to relationships
81
Q

What causes dependent personality disorder?

A
  • disruptions in early childhood leads to fears of abandonment
  • High in sociotropic traits (excessive focus on interpersonal relationships and a strong need for social acceptance)
  • low on individualistic achievment traits
82
Q

How do practitioners treat dependent personality disorder?

A
  • developing confidence
  • ensuring patient does not over depend on therapist
83
Q

___________ ________ ______ disorder involves a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency.

A

obsessive-compulsive
personality disorder

84
Q

clinical description of obsessive compulsive personality disorder

A
  • poor interpersonal relationships due to general rigidity
  • quest for perfectionism
85
Q

obsessive compulsive personality disorder is caused by ________.

A

genetics

86
Q

How do practitioners treat obsessive compulsive personality disorder?

A
  • relaxation techniques
  • CBT to reframe compulsive thoughts
87
Q

What two personality disorders are still under study? Why is this?

A
  • sadistic personality disorder (receiving pleasure by inflicting pain on others)
  • passive aggressive personality disorder (people are defiant and refuse to cooperate with requests)
  • not in the DSM 5 or DSM 5-TR because theres too many permutations, making it difficult to diagnose, and it’s difficult to use the information to come up with an effective treatment plan

Psychopathology (9 decks)

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