Chapter 13 learning and memory Flashcards
1
Q
which neurodegenerative disorder attacks the brain’s myelin **
A
multiple sclerosis
2
Q
function of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) **
A
- reward leads to dopamine release
- CS that predicts reward leads to dopamine release (if CS is presented, but the reward isn’t, dopamine released is inhibited )
- produces a “reward prediction error” signal when released onto NAcc neurons
3
Q
role of the NAcc in expected reward, unexpected reward, and learning **
A
- expected reward: constant levels of dopamine release
- unexpected reward: high levels of dopamine released
4
Q
what does it mean that memories are encoded via LTP
A
strengthens the memory and synapse
5
Q
how LTP works, including the role of AMPA and NMDA receptors
A
- presynaptic membrane DEPOLARIZE +ACTIVE causes release of glutamate
- glutamate binds to both NMDA and AMPA receptors
- AMPA opens Na+ channels, and move to the spine thus strengthening the synapse
- NMDA binds to glutamate, membrane is depolarize enough to eject Mg2+ (with help of AMPA)
- Ca+ enters the cell and activates the intracellular mechanisms that strengthen the synapse
6
Q
that patient HM can learn some things, such as mirror drawings **
A
- ability to acquire new memories is distinct from other perceptual and cognitive capabilities
- long term memory storage requires a part of the brain that converts short-term memory into long-term memory
- different types of memory exist and may depend on distinct neural systems
7
Q
that memories are stored throughout the brain **
A
- memories require: neurochemical changes, structural changes (synapses, dendritic branching, physiological changes
- stored in part in the hippocampus, entorhinal, parietal, and visual cortex
8
Q
different processes in early vs. late-phase LTP (both depend on Ca+) **
A
- Early long term potentiation (E-LTP): first phase of long term potentiation, a well-studied form of synaptic plasticity, consists of an increase in synaptic strength
- E-LTP: neuronal changes can be temporary and wear off after some hours
- late LTP: neuronal changes are much more stable and long lasting
9
Q
where place cells are found in the brain **
A
hippocampus
