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Human Bio > Chapter 13 - Hominin evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Hominin evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the general trend in human evolution

A

Increasing cranial capacity, number of convolutions and skull size along with reduced prognathism. Homo sapiens also have a reduced brow ridge compared to earlier species

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2
Q

5 characteristics of the skull that are considered more primitive

A
  • Ticker bones forming cranium
  • Heavier brow ridges
  • No forehead or slopping forehead
  • Possible saggital crest on top of skull
  • Foramen magnum towards back of skull
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3
Q

5 characteristics of the skull that are considered more modern

A
  • Thinner bones forming cranium
  • Brow ridges reduced or absent
  • Increasingly larger and more vertical forehead
  • No crest on top of skull
  • Foramen Magnum under centre of skull
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4
Q

5 characteristics of the mandible and teeth that are considered more primitive

A
  • More prognathic jaw
  • Heavier, thick mandible
  • No chin
  • Diastema present
  • Canine teeth more prominent
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5
Q

5 characteristics of the mandible and teeth that are considered more modern

A
  • Flatter face
  • More slender, thinner mandible
  • Increasingly definitive chin
  • No diastema
  • Canine teeth less prominent
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6
Q

3 characteristics of the torso that are considered more primitive

A
  • Narrower pelvis
  • Lumbar vertebrae less wedge shaped
  • Wide, barrel shaped ribcage
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7
Q

3 characteristics of the torso that are considered more modern

A
  • Broader pelvis
  • Lumbar vertebrae more wedge shaped
  • Smaller ribcage
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8
Q

2 characteristics of the upper limbs that are considered more primitive

A
  • Shorter thumb that is less mobile

- fingers are longer and more curved

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9
Q

2 characteristics of the upper limbs that are considered more modern

A
  • Thumb with increased opposability

- Fingers straighter and shorter

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10
Q

2 characteristics of the lower limbs that are considered more primitive

A
  • Femurs more parallel

- arms longer than legs

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11
Q

2 characteristics of the lower limbs that are considered more modern

A
  • Femurs sloping inwards towards knee

- Arms shorter than legs

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12
Q

Australopithecus afarensis characteristics (Time, Location, height, cranial capacity, skull, teeth and jaw, Limbs, pelvis)

A
  • 3.9 to 2.8 MYA
  • East africa
  • 150 cm tall
  • Cranial capacity: 430 cm3
  • Skull: Low, sloping forehead, prominent brow ridges, short sagittal crest in males
  • Teeth and Jaw: Prognathic jaw, small canine teeth (but larger than A. africanus), diastema present
  • Limbs: Big toe not opposable, long arms but shorter than legs, long curved fingers and toes
  • Pelvis: Short and wide
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13
Q

Australopithecus africanus characteristics (Time, Location, height, cranial capacity, skull, teeth and jaw, Limbs, pelvis)

A
  • 3.2 to 2 MYA
  • Southern Africa
  • 135 cm tall
  • Cranial capacity: 457 cm3
  • Skull: slightly arched forehead, smaller brow ridge
  • Teeth and jaw: Prognathic jaw, Smaller incisors and canines, large molar and pre-molars, no diastema
  • Limbs: Big toe not opposable, long arms but shorter than legs, some curvature of finger and toe bones
  • Pelvis: short and wide pelvis, less rounded than in modern humans
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14
Q

Paranthropus robustus characteristics

A
  • 1.8 to 1.2 million years ago
  • South Africa
  • 1.2 m tall
  • Cranial capacity: 542 cm3
  • Skull: Large sagittal crest for attachment of strong chewing muscles, heavy brow ridges
  • Teeth and Jaw: Very large molars and pre-molars with small incisors and canines by comparison, prognathism although less than australopithecines, wide dish shaped shaped face with large zygomatic arches
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15
Q

Homo habilis characteristics

A
  • 2.3 to 1.5 MYA
  • Eastern and southern africa
  • 130 cm tall
  • cranial capacity: 590 cm3
  • Skull: Rounder skull, small brow ridge, central foramen magnum
  • Teeth and jaw: moderate prognathism, teeth arranged in rounder arc
  • Limbs: relatively short arms and legs, slightly curved finger bones indicating strong power grip and able to form precision grip
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16
Q

Homo erectus characteristics

A
  • 2 MYA
  • 145 to 185 cm tall
  • Cranial capacity: 1004 cm3
  • Skull: Low sloping forehead, defined brow ridges
  • Teeth and jaw: large think jaw without chin, reduced size of molars
  • Limbs: Short, stocky body with thicker bones, suggesting a demanding lifestyle
17
Q

Homo neanderthalensis characteristics (Time, Location, height, body type, cranial capacity, skull, teeth and jaw, Limbs, pelvis, ribcage)

A
  • 28,000 to 300,000 years ago
  • Europe and middle east
  • 168 cm tall
  • Body type: Shorter more robust and muscular than modern humans, wider shoulders
  • Cranial capacity: 1485 cm3
  • Skull: Occipital bun at the back of the skull, thick brow ridges, receding forehead, flared zygomatic arches, long and low brain case
  • Teeth and jaw: Larger more robust prognathic jaw, lacking a chin, larger teeth
  • Limbs: Thick limbs with large joints, shorter
  • Pelvis: wider than humans
  • Ribcage: Barrel shaped
18
Q

Homo sapiens characteristics (Time, Location, height, body type, cranial capacity, skull, teeth and jaw, Limbs, pelvis, ribcage)

A
  • 300,000 years ago to present
  • worldwide
  • 175 cm tall
  • Body type: short slender trunks and long limbs
  • Cranial capacity: 1350 cm3
  • Skull: Short base and high brain case
  • Teeth and jaw: Short jaw, bony chin, small teeth
  • limbs: long legs compared with the arms, straight fingers and toes
  • Ribcage: less barrel shaped
19
Q

Culture

A

Anything that is learnt

20
Q

Cultural evolution

A

Cultural development that occurs as a means of overcoming environmental and other challenges

21
Q

Cro magnon people

A

The first anatomically modern people found in Europe

22
Q

Oldowan tools

A

A very simple tool made by removing several flakes from a stone. The stone tool culture of Homo habilis

23
Q

which species first used fire

A

Homo erectus

24
Q

Acheulian tools

A

A type of hand axe that was flaked all around the edges, first in one direction, and then in the other, until it forms a roughly 2 faced lump, approximately a teardrop shape. Associated with Homo erectus

25
Q

Mousterian industry

A

Describes a tool characterised by the careful preparation of a stone core from which a large number of flakes could be removed. Associated with Homo neanderthalensis

26
Q

Levallois technique

A

The process of producing a flake from a stone core, flakes normally had a flat side and sharp cutting edges

27
Q

Hafting

A

The process of attaching a stone tool to a handle, spear or arrow

28
Q

Aurignacian tools

A

The tool culture of stone, bone and antler associated with Cro magnon people

29
Q

Solutrean culture

A

Stone tool culture characterised by pressure flaking stones to produce beautifully made willow leaf and laurel leaf points. Associated with the later Cro magnon people

30
Q

Magdalenian culture

A

A prehistoric culture known for predominance of bone and antler over flint and stone tools, and for the works of art they produced

31
Q

order of the cultural periods of tools and the species associated with them

A
  • Oldowan (2.6 to 1.7 MYA) Homo habilis
  • Acheulian (1.7 mil to 200,000) Homo erectus
  • Mousterian (200,000-40,000) Homo neanderthalensis
  • Aurignacian (43,000 - 26,000) Homo sapiens
  • Solutrean (22,000 - 19,000) Homo sapiens
  • Magdalenian (18,000 - 12,000) Homo sapiens
32
Q

What are the general trends of tool use in human evolution

A
  • Increased manipulation of materials
  • Increased complexity of tools
  • Greater variety of materials being used to make tools
  • Improved workmanship and development of equipment needed to manufacture the tools
  • Increased specialisation of tools

Human Bio (17 decks)

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