Chapter 13 Flashcards by Thomas Berry

Withdrawal reflexes are controlled by the….

Spinal Cord.

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What replaces the spinal cord below L1 and L2?

Cotaaquina.

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Length, width, and ending point of the Adult Spinal Cord.

18 inches. (45cm)
.5 inch (14mm)
Vertebrae L1 and L2.

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If in the cervical spine, how is the nerve named?

Named by the Inferior vertebrae.

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If in the thoracic or lumbar vertebrae, how is the nerve named?

By the Superior Vertebrae.

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Name of Nerve between the C7 and T1 vertebrae?

C8 Nerve.

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Thin, conical spinal cord below lumbar enlargement?

Conus Medullaris.

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Filum Terminale?

Thin thread of fibrous tissue at end of conus medullaris that attaches to coccygeal ligament.

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Cauda Equina?

Nerve roots extending below conus medullaris.

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2 branches of spinal nerves?

Ventral Root.

Dorsal Root.

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Ventral root?

Contains axons of motor neurons.

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Dorals root?

Contains axons of sensory neurons.

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Contain cell bodies of sensory neurons.

Dorsal root ganglia.

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Dorsal and ventral roots join to form a _________.

Spinal Nerve.

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Specialized membranes that isolate spinal cord from surroundings.

The meninges.

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Spinal meninges ( 3 characteristics).

Protect spinal cord.
Carry blood supply.
Continuous with cranial meninges.

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The 3 meningeal layers.

Dura Mater.
Arachnoid Mater.
Pia Mater.

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Outer layer of spinal cord?

Dura Mater.

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Middle meningeal layer?

Arachnoid mater.

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Inner meningeal layer?

Pia mater.

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Between spinal dura mater and walls of vertebral canal?

The Epidural Space.

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The Epidural contains what types of tissue?

Loose connective.

Adipose.

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What is the anesthetic injection site for pregnant women?

The epidural space.

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Subdural Space?

Between arachnoid mater and dura mater.

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What space contains the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

Subarachnoid.

Contains collagen/elastin fiber network (arachnoid trabeculae)

Subarachnoid space.

Between arachnoid mater and pia mater.

Subarachnoid space.

Extend from pia mater to dura mater?

Paired denticulate ligaments.

What stabilizes side to side movement?

Paired denticulate ligaments.

What are along the surface of spinal pia mater?

Blood Vessels

Within the subarachnoid space are _________.

Blood vessels.

Contains myelinated axons.

White matter.

Contains neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, and unmyelinated axons.

Gray matter.

Surrounds central canal of spinal cord.

Gray matter.

Functional group of cell bodies?

Nuclei.

Sensory nuclei are ______ (directional term),

Posterior.

Nuclei that connect to peripheral receptors.

Sensory.

Nuclei that are ventral (anterior).

Motor.

Nuclei that connect to peripheral effectors.

Motor.

The highway of the brain, where information moves up and down.

The white columns.

Where does the synapse happen in the brain?

The grey horn.

3 columns (funiculi) of the spinal cord.

Posterior white columns. Anterior white columns. Lateral white columns.

Where are tracts or fasciculi, and what do they consist of/

In white columns. | Bundles of axons.

Tracts that carry information to the brain?

Ascending.

Tracts that carry motor commands to spinal cord?

Descending.

Every spinal cord segment is connected to a pair of __________.

Spinal nerves.

Every __________ is surrounded by 3 connective tissue layers that support structures and contain blood vessels.

Spinal nerve.

Outer layer connective tissue, and dense network of collage fibers.

Epineurium.

Middle layer connective tissue, and divides nerve into fascicles (axon bundles)

Perineurium.

Inner layer connective tissue, and surrounds individual axons.

Endoneurium.

An area of the skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root?

Dermatomes.

Map of which spinal nerve controls which sensation.

Dermatomes.

Nerve Plexuses?

Complex, interwoven networks of nerve fibers.

How are nerve plexuses formed?

From blended fibers of ventral rami of adjacent spinal nerves.

What control skeletal muscles of neck and limbs?

Nerve plexuses.

Nerve plexuses from Top of spinal cord to bottom.

Cervical. Brachial. Lumbar. Sacral.

Cervical or ________ nerve innervates diaphragm.

Phranic.

Lumbar plexus supplies which nerve?

Femoral.

Sacral plexus supplies which nerve?

Sciatic.

What's a reflex?

Automatic response coordinated within spinal cord, through interconnected sensory, motor, and interneurons.

Neural reflexes?

Rapid, automatic response to specific stimuli.

Basic building blocks of neural function?

Neural reflex.

1 neural reflex produces ______ motor response.

Where does a reflex arc begin and end?

At receptor. | At peripheral effector.

Sensory neuron synapses directly onto motor neuron?

Monosynaptic reflex.

At least 1 interneuron between sensory neuron and motor neuron.

Polysynaptic reflex.

Spinal reflexes in increasing order of complexity (3)

Monosynaptic reflex. Polysynaptic reflex. Intersegmental reflex arcs.

Reflex with leas delay between sensory input and motor output, completed in 20-40 msec.

Monosynaptic reflex.

Stretch reflex (such as patellar reflex) is an example of which reflex?

Monosynaptic.

Withdrawal reflexes do what?

Move body part away form stimulus.

Flexor reflex is example of what reflex?

Withdrawal reflex.

What does the strength and extent of withdrawal reflex depend on?

Depends on intensity and location of stimulus.

Spinal cord over riding the commands of brain is a result of what?

Reciprocal inhibition.

Reflex arc that involves both sides of spinal cord?

Contralateral.

Reflex arc that involves one side of spinal cord?

Ipsilateral.

Reflexes that occur simultaneously, coordinated with flexor reflex.

Crossed extensor reflex.

Reflex that can be activated by brain as needed?

Automatic reflex.

Examples of automatic reflex?

Walking, Running, Jumping.