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Bio 233 Exam 3 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Withdrawal reflexes are controlled by the….

A

Spinal Cord.

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2
Q

What replaces the spinal cord below L1 and L2?

A

Cotaaquina.

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3
Q

Length, width, and ending point of the Adult Spinal Cord.

A

18 inches. (45cm)
.5 inch (14mm)
Vertebrae L1 and L2.

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4
Q

If in the cervical spine, how is the nerve named?

A

Named by the Inferior vertebrae.

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5
Q

If in the thoracic or lumbar vertebrae, how is the nerve named?

A

By the Superior Vertebrae.

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6
Q

Name of Nerve between the C7 and T1 vertebrae?

A

C8 Nerve.

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7
Q

Thin, conical spinal cord below lumbar enlargement?

A

Conus Medullaris.

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8
Q

Filum Terminale?

A

Thin thread of fibrous tissue at end of conus medullaris that attaches to coccygeal ligament.

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9
Q

Cauda Equina?

A

Nerve roots extending below conus medullaris.

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10
Q

2 branches of spinal nerves?

A

Ventral Root.

Dorsal Root.

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11
Q

Ventral root?

A

Contains axons of motor neurons.

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12
Q

Dorals root?

A

Contains axons of sensory neurons.

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13
Q

Contain cell bodies of sensory neurons.

A

Dorsal root ganglia.

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14
Q

Dorsal and ventral roots join to form a _________.

A

Spinal Nerve.

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15
Q

Specialized membranes that isolate spinal cord from surroundings.

A

The meninges.

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16
Q

Spinal meninges ( 3 characteristics).

A

Protect spinal cord.
Carry blood supply.
Continuous with cranial meninges.

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17
Q

The 3 meningeal layers.

A

Dura Mater.
Arachnoid Mater.
Pia Mater.

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18
Q

Outer layer of spinal cord?

A

Dura Mater.

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19
Q

Middle meningeal layer?

A

Arachnoid mater.

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20
Q

Inner meningeal layer?

A

Pia mater.

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21
Q

Between spinal dura mater and walls of vertebral canal?

A

The Epidural Space.

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22
Q

The Epidural contains what types of tissue?

A

Loose connective.

Adipose.

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23
Q

What is the anesthetic injection site for pregnant women?

A

The epidural space.

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24
Q

Subdural Space?

A

Between arachnoid mater and dura mater.

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25
Q

What space contains the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

A

Subarachnoid.

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26
Q

Contains collagen/elastin fiber network (arachnoid trabeculae)

A

Subarachnoid space.

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27
Q

Between arachnoid mater and pia mater.

A

Subarachnoid space.

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28
Q

Extend from pia mater to dura mater?

A

Paired denticulate ligaments.

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29
Q

What stabilizes side to side movement?

A

Paired denticulate ligaments.

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30
Q

What are along the surface of spinal pia mater?

A

Blood Vessels

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31
Q

Within the subarachnoid space are _________.

A

Blood vessels.

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32
Q

Contains myelinated axons.

A

White matter.

33
Q

Contains neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, and unmyelinated axons.

A

Gray matter.

34
Q

Surrounds central canal of spinal cord.

A

Gray matter.

35
Q

Functional group of cell bodies?

A

Nuclei.

36
Q

Sensory nuclei are ______ (directional term),

A

Posterior.

37
Q

Nuclei that connect to peripheral receptors.

A

Sensory.

38
Q

Nuclei that are ventral (anterior).

A

Motor.

39
Q

Nuclei that connect to peripheral effectors.

A

Motor.

40
Q

The highway of the brain, where information moves up and down.

A

The white columns.

41
Q

Where does the synapse happen in the brain?

A

The grey horn.

42
Q

3 columns (funiculi) of the spinal cord.

A

Posterior white columns.
Anterior white columns.
Lateral white columns.

43
Q

Where are tracts or fasciculi, and what do they consist of/

A

In white columns.

Bundles of axons.

44
Q

Tracts that carry information to the brain?

A

Ascending.

45
Q

Tracts that carry motor commands to spinal cord?

A

Descending.

46
Q

Every spinal cord segment is connected to a pair of __________.

A

Spinal nerves.

47
Q

Every __________ is surrounded by 3 connective tissue layers that support structures and contain blood vessels.

A

Spinal nerve.

48
Q

Outer layer connective tissue, and dense network of collage fibers.

A

Epineurium.

49
Q

Middle layer connective tissue, and divides nerve into fascicles (axon bundles)

A

Perineurium.

50
Q

Inner layer connective tissue, and surrounds individual axons.

A

Endoneurium.

51
Q

An area of the skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root?

A

Dermatomes.

52
Q

Map of which spinal nerve controls which sensation.

A

Dermatomes.

53
Q

Nerve Plexuses?

A

Complex, interwoven networks of nerve fibers.

54
Q

How are nerve plexuses formed?

A

From blended fibers of ventral rami of adjacent spinal nerves.

55
Q

What control skeletal muscles of neck and limbs?

A

Nerve plexuses.

56
Q

Nerve plexuses from Top of spinal cord to bottom.

A

Cervical.
Brachial.
Lumbar.
Sacral.

57
Q

Cervical or ________ nerve innervates diaphragm.

A

Phranic.

58
Q

Lumbar plexus supplies which nerve?

A

Femoral.

59
Q

Sacral plexus supplies which nerve?

A

Sciatic.

60
Q

What’s a reflex?

A

Automatic response coordinated within spinal cord, through interconnected sensory, motor, and interneurons.

61
Q

Neural reflexes?

A

Rapid, automatic response to specific stimuli.

62
Q

Basic building blocks of neural function?

A

Neural reflex.

63
Q

1 neural reflex produces ______ motor response.

A

1.

64
Q

Where does a reflex arc begin and end?

A

At receptor.

At peripheral effector.

65
Q

Sensory neuron synapses directly onto motor neuron?

A

Monosynaptic reflex.

66
Q

At least 1 interneuron between sensory neuron and motor neuron.

A

Polysynaptic reflex.

67
Q

Spinal reflexes in increasing order of complexity (3)

A

Monosynaptic reflex.
Polysynaptic reflex.
Intersegmental reflex arcs.

68
Q

Reflex with leas delay between sensory input and motor output, completed in 20-40 msec.

A

Monosynaptic reflex.

69
Q

Stretch reflex (such as patellar reflex) is an example of which reflex?

A

Monosynaptic.

70
Q

Withdrawal reflexes do what?

A

Move body part away form stimulus.

71
Q

Flexor reflex is example of what reflex?

A

Withdrawal reflex.

72
Q

What does the strength and extent of withdrawal reflex depend on?

A

Depends on intensity and location of stimulus.

73
Q

Spinal cord over riding the commands of brain is a result of what?

A

Reciprocal inhibition.

74
Q

Reflex arc that involves both sides of spinal cord?

A

Contralateral.

75
Q

Reflex arc that involves one side of spinal cord?

A

Ipsilateral.

76
Q

Reflexes that occur simultaneously, coordinated with flexor reflex.

A

Crossed extensor reflex.

77
Q

Reflex that can be activated by brain as needed?

A

Automatic reflex.

78
Q

Examples of automatic reflex?

A

Walking, Running, Jumping.

Bio 233 Exam 3 (4 decks)

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