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Bio 233 Exam 3 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The basic functional units of the nervous system.

A

Neurons

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2
Q

________ receive synapse form other Neurons.

A

Dendrites.

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3
Q

These two things connect to dendrites.

A

Telodendrians and synaptic knobs.

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4
Q

What carries action potential/electrical impulses?

A

Neurons.

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5
Q

Area where a neuron communicates with another cell.

A

Synapse.

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6
Q

Presynaptic cell?

A

Neuron that sends message.

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7
Q

Postsynaptic cell?

A

Cell that receives message.

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8
Q

Chemical messengers?

A

Neurotransmitters.

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9
Q

Where are neurotransmitters released?

A

Presynaptic membrane.

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10
Q

What affect receptors of postsynaptic membrane?

A

Neurotransmitters.

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11
Q

Neurotransmitters are broken down by _______.

A

enzymes.

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12
Q

Where are neurotransmitters reassembled?

A

At the synaptic knob.

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13
Q

Group of cells.

A

Neuroglia.

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14
Q

Sensory neurons that monitor internal environment.

A

Visceral sensory neurons.

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15
Q

Sensory neurons that monitor effects of external environment.

A

Somatic sensory neurons.

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16
Q

Receptor that monitor internal systems (digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive).

A

Interoceptors.

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17
Q

Receptor that monitors internal senses. (taste, deep pressure, pain)

A

Interoceptors.

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18
Q

Receptor that monitors external senses ( touch, temperature, pressure)

A

Exteroceptors.

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19
Q

Receptor that monitors distance senses ( sight, smell, hearing)

A

Exteroceptors.

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20
Q

Receptor that monitors position and movement (skeletal muscle and joints)

A

Proprioceptors.

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21
Q

Carry instructions from CNS to peripheral effectors.

A

Motor Neurons.

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22
Q

What does a motor neuron use to carry instructions from CNS To peripheral effectors?

A

Efferent fibers ( Axons).

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23
Q

Innervate skeletal muscles.

A

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

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24
Q

innervate all peripheral effectors except skeletal muscles.

A

Autonomic nervous system .

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25
Q

half the volume of the nervous system.

A

Neuroglia.

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26
Q

4 types of neuroglia cells in the CNS.

A

Ependymal cells.
Astrocytes.
Oligodendrocytes.
Microglia.

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27
Q

Assist the nervous system in carrying information.

A

Neuroglia cells.

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28
Q

______ circulates through brain and down spinal cord.

A

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

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29
Q

What secretes cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Ependymal Cells.

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30
Q

Forms epithelium called ependyma.

A

Ependymal cells.

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31
Q

Have cilia or microvilli that circulate CSF.

A

Ependymal cells.

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32
Q

Contain stem cells for repair.

A

Ependymal cells.

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33
Q

A chemical isolation filter.

A

Blood brain barrier.

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34
Q

What maintains the blood brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes.

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35
Q

What repairs damaged neural tissue?

A

Astrocytes.

36
Q

What controls interstitial environment ?

A

Astrocytes.

37
Q

Wrap around axons to form myelin sheaths.

A

Oligodendrocytes.

38
Q

Increases speed of action potentials.

A

Myelination.

39
Q

Makes nerves appear white.

A

Myelination.

40
Q

Makes myelin sheaths in CNS.

A

Oligodendrocytes.

41
Q

What disease causes a hardening of the myelin sheath?

A

Multiple sclerosis.

42
Q

Region of CNS with many myelinated nerves.

A

White matter.

43
Q

Unmyelinated areas of CNS.

A

Gray matter.

44
Q

_____ migrate through neural tissue.

A

Microglia.

45
Q

______ clean up cellular debris, waste products, and pathogens.

A

Microglia.

46
Q

Neurons that cannot regenerate.

A

CNS neurons.

47
Q

Neurons that can regenerate.

A

PNS neurons.

48
Q

Neuroglia cells of the PNS.

A

Satellite cells.

Schwann cells.

49
Q

Axon distal to injury degenerates.

A

Wallerian degeneration.

50
Q

PNS cell that Form path for new growth

A

Schwann cells.

51
Q

Make myelin sheaths in PNS.

A

Schwann cells.

52
Q

This system acts as the hard drive of the body.

A

CNS.

53
Q

Another name for action potentials.

A

Electrical impulses.

54
Q

What does our brain use to communicate to the rest of the body?

A

Action potentials/ electrical impulses.

55
Q

Propagate changes in transmembrane potential.

A

Action potentials.

56
Q

__________ affect an entire excitable membrane.

A

Action potentials.

57
Q

Link graded potentials at cell body with moto end plate actions.

A

Action potentials.

58
Q

What’s the All-or-None principle?

A

Action potential either happens or doesn’t.

59
Q

If a stimulus exceeds threshold amount….

A

The action potential is the same, no matter how large the stimulus.

60
Q

When you push your muscles harder, action potential is increasing its what?

A

Frequency.

61
Q

3 Groups of axons?

A

Type A, B, and C.

62
Q

What 3 characteristics classify axons?

A

Diameter.
Myelination.
Speed of action potentials.

63
Q

Fastest type of fiber?

A

Type A fibers.

64
Q

Fibers with large diameter?

A

Type A.

65
Q

Are Type A fibers myelinated?

A

yes.

66
Q

High speed fibers. speed?

A

Type A. (140m/sec)

67
Q

Which fibers carry rapid info to and from CNS?

A

Type A.

68
Q

Are Type B fibers myelinated?

A

Yes.

69
Q

Fibers with medium diameter?

A

Type B.

70
Q

Medium speed fibers. Speed?

A

Type B (18m/sec)

71
Q

Fibers that carry intermediate signals.

A

Type B.

72
Q

Sensory info and peripheral effectors are examples of which fibers?

A

Type B.

73
Q

Position, balance, touch, and motor impulses are examples of which type of fibers?

A

Type A.

74
Q

Are type C fibers myelinated?

A

No.

75
Q

Fibers with small diameter?

A

Type C. (1m/sec)

76
Q

Fibers that carry slower information?

A

Type C.

77
Q

Involuntary muscle, gland controls are examples of which type of fibers?

A

Type C.

78
Q

A cholinergic synapse is any synapse that releases…

A

ACh.

79
Q

Step 1 of cholinergic synapse.

A

Action potential arrives, depolarizes synaptic knob.

80
Q

Step 2 of cholinergic synapse.

A

Calcium ions enter synaptic knob, trigger exocytosis of ACh..

81
Q

Step 3 of cholinergic synapse.

A

ACh binds to receptors, depolarizes postsynaptic membrane.

82
Q

Step 4 of cholinergic synapse.

A

AChE breaks ACh into acetate and choline.

83
Q

A synaptic delay of 0.2-0.5 msec occurs between…

A

Arrival of action potential at synaptic knob and effect on post synaptic membrane.

84
Q

Fewer synapses means _____ response.

A

faster.

85
Q

Synaptic fatigue.

A

Occurs when neurotransmitter can’t be recycled fast enough to meet demands of intense stimuli.

86
Q

Synapse inactive until ____ is replenished.

A

ACh.

Bio 233 Exam 3 (4 decks)

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