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Fire Officer Principles and Practices > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

242
What roles do Fire Officers perform in relation to properties within their communities (what critical task do the perform)?

A
  1. Identifying and correcting fire safety hazards
  2. Developing and maintaining pre-incident plans.
  3. Promoting fire safety through public education.
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2
Q

243

Pre-incident planning

A

document developed by gathering general and detailed data used by responding personnel to determine the resources and actions necessary to mitigate anticipated emergencies at a specific facility.

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3
Q

243

Recommended Practice for Pre-incident Planning

A

NFPA 1620

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4
Q

243

high value property

A

contains equipment, materials, or items that have a high replacement value.

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5
Q

243-244

high risk property

A

has the potential to produce a catastrophic property or life loss in the event of a fire. (ie nuclear power plant, bulk fuel storage)

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6
Q

244

Today what are pre-incident plans meant to identify?

A

They are meant to advance the strategies tactic and actions that should be taken if a predictable situations occurs, and to make the firefighters familiar with the building.

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7
Q

244

NFPA 1620 Outlines a six- step method for pre-incident plans

A
  1. ID physical elements and site conditions
  2. ID occupant considerations
  3. ID fire protection systems and water supply
  4. ID special hazards
  5. ID emergency operations considerations
  6. ID special or unusual characteristics of common occupancy
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8
Q

244
NFPA 1620 Pre-Incident plans procedure
Step one

A
  1. Identify physical elements and site conditions:

This step is all about identifying all the structural elements of the building. The size and dimensions, construction, floor plan, stairwell locations, utilities etc

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9
Q

244-245
NFPA 1620 Pre-Incident plans procedure
Step two

A
  1. Identify Occupant Considerations:

This part of the preincident plan looks at the occupants their age and physical and mental condition and decided how and if they will be evacuated. the preincident plan should plan on where these occupants would be moved to and what services they may need. Long term tracking of the occupants may be needed as well.

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10
Q

245
NFPA 1620 Pre-Incident plans procedure
Step three

A
  1. Identify Fire Protection Systems and Water Supply

Evaluate the building size and contents to determine water supply. Document the location of hydrants and their flow rates, ideally the hydrants would feed off a large main as part of a grid system. If demand exceeds available water then preincident plan should identify a way to mitigate the lack of water ( relay operations or water shuttle). FDCs and FACPs should be noted.

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11
Q

245
NFPA 1620 Pre-Incident plans procedure
Step four

A
  1. Identify Special Hazards:

Document any special hazards and ensure required resources (spec ops) are sent during emergencies. Special hazards may include flammable/combustable liquids, biological agents, chemicals etc. Pre-incident plan should note contact information for facility hazmat coordinator and location of material safety data sheet.

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12
Q

246
NFPA 1620 Pre-Incident plans procedure
Step five

A

5.Identify Emergency Operation Considerations:

Preincident plan should plan on how to fight a fire in this building. Where CP should be located.

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13
Q

246-247
NFPA 1620 Pre-Incident plans procedure
Step six

A
  1. Identify Special or Unusual Characteristics of Common Occupancy:

Particular hazards for each occupancy group researched then cross reference types of hazards with code and incidents with the goal of IDing hazards that specific occupancy groups tend to have with that particular building and try to plan for that hazard….ie multiple FFer deaths occur in places of assembly. Then analysis the specific assembly building and try to find ways to mitigate those hazards that contribute to those deaths.

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14
Q

247

What is the goal of preincident planning?

A

to develop a written plan that would be valuable to both the owner of the building and the fire department if an incident occurs at that location.

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15
Q

247

What is the relationship between state fire codes and local fire code?

A

State fire codes are applied state wide and tend to set a minimum standard. Where local codes are only applicable within the jurisdiction and tend to be more stringent requirements.

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16
Q

247

Mini/max code

A

mini/max code is where the local code may not exceeded the state minimum, no local control over fire code.

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17
Q

247

catastrophic theory of reform

A

Fire codes are often adopted or amended in reaction to fire disasters

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18
Q

247

Authority having jurisdiction

A

term used in NFPA to refer to an organization, office or individual responsible for enforcing the requirements of a code or standard.

Authority having jurisdiction for a state would be the state fire Marshall.

AHJ has the ability to delegate the power to enforce the code to the fire officers, fire inspectors, and other individuals who actually conduct inspections.

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19
Q

247-248

building code vs fire code

A

building code and fire code establish minimum safety standards.

Building codes contain regulations that apply to the construction of a new building or extension or major renovation of an existing building.

Fire Codes applies existing building and to situations that involve a potential fire risk or hazard.

Building code requires the sprinklers be installed fire code ensures the sprinklers are maintained and functioning properly.

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20
Q

248

who enforces state fire codes?

A

The state fire Marshall usually delegates that responsibility to local fire officials.

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21
Q

248

Ordinance

A

law enacted by authorized subdivision of a state such as a city, town or county.

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22
Q

248

model codes

A

documents developed by a standards-developing organization, such as the NFPA, and made it available for adoption by authorities have jurisdiction.

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23
Q

248

what does a complete set of model codes include?

A

building, electrical, plumbing, mechanical, and fire codes

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24
Q

248

what is the primary advantage of a model code?

A

The same regulations apply in many jurisdictions, and all of the requirements are coordinated to work together without conflicts.

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25
248 | What are the two paths that a model code may be adopted by a jurisdiction?
Adoption by reference - where the jurisdiction passes an ordinance and adopts a specific edition of the model code. ie jurisdiction adopts NFPA1 Adoption by transcription when the adopts the entire text ie when jurisdiction copy the language of the code and insert that into the actual ordinance.
26
248 | how often is model code updated?
3-5 years
27
249 | How long does code last?
For as long as the building is occupied for the same purpose. If the use of the building changes ie residential to assembly , or is extensively remodeled then the code must be brought current.
28
249 | What are two reasons for fire companies to preform inspections
1. clarify means of access and egress | 2. status of built in fire protection features
29
249 | What does the inclusion of FPS allow in terms of building construction?
It allows more flexibility in the design of the building. The travel time to exits can increase, the access for apparatus could be restricted the building can be taller etc.
30
249 What are the numbers behind sprinklers effectiveness? NPFA's U.S. Experience with Sprinklers
Sprinklers operated 91% of the time the fire was large enough to activate them Of that 91% activation they were effective in controlling the fire 96% of the time. Giving a combined performance of operating effectively 87% of the time. Wet pipe 89% effective .... Dry Pipe 76%
31
249 | What is the best method to ensure sprinkler systems work as they should?
Inspections
32
249 | What are the three primary components of water based fire protection systems?
Automatic sprinkler systems Standpipe systems Fire pumps
33
250 | Which systems requires less maintenance, dry pipe or wet pipe sprinkler systems?
wet pipe require less maintenance, since dry systems activations then require the whole system to empties and filled with air/nitrogen
34
250 | Deluge
wet or dry system where all sprinklers are open and ready to discharge water. Smoke, flame fire detectors activate and open control value and the whole system is activated dumping large amounts of water to quickly extinguish the fire.
35
250 | Preaction
similar to a dry system but includes a separate detection system that triggers the dry pipe to fill, sprinkler head then still has to activate.
36
250 | Standpipe systems
``` class 1 - discharge 2.5 for FD use class 2 -discharge 1.5 and hose for civilian use class 3 - both ```
37
250 | What are the four types of special extinguishing systems that may be used in various structures?
1. carbon dioxide 2. dry/wet chemical 3. Halon/clean agent 4. Foam
38
251 | Carbon Dioxide Systems
fixed system that discharge CO2 from either low -pressure or high-pressure tanks to protect specific devices or process or flood an enclosed space. Extinguishes fire through displacement of oxygen. heavier than air.
39
251 | Dry/Wet Chemical
Fixed chemical extinguishing systems discharge a chemical extinguishing agent pipe, hoses, nozzle. Wet chemical used in commercial cooking and may have a cap to ensure nozzle not clogged with grease. react with grease and form foam blanked. Dry chemical leave residue that is difficult to clean up. Both activated by fusible link or pull station
40
251 | Halon
Extinguishing agent of choice for computer rooms, great abut kills ozone layer so banned, legacy systems can still be charged. New replacement clean agents work in the same way by flooding a room and displacing oxygen. These chemicals are toxic and have an alarm that sounds warning people to get out before system activates. 10s-1min
41
251 | Foam systems
Low expansion foam systems used to protect hazards involving flammable or combustable liquids. Foam bubbles smother fire in foam blanket. high expansion foam excludes air and fill a large area with foam.
42
252 | The goal for an inspector doing a maintenance inspection
Observe the system and ensure that no fire hazards exist and confirm that the built in fire protection features are in proper working order.
43
253 | Construction Types
Type I, Fire resistive: construction elements are noncombustible protected from the effects of fire by encasing in concrete, gypsum, or sprain coatings. Most durable. Type II, Noncombustible: Structural elements made of noncombustible or limited combustable materials. Structural elements are not protected from fire or limited. Subtypes in rating hours. Type III, Limited combustible (ordinary): load bearing walls are noncombustible masonry. Internal structural elements may be combustable or a combination of combustable and noncombustible. Usually no higher than four stories. Type IV, Heavy timber: exterior walls are noncombustible and interior structural elements are unprotected wood beams and columns with large cross-sectional dimensions. Durable, may exceed water supply Type V, Wood frame: the entire structure may be constructed of wood or any other approved material.
44
254 | Occupancy type
refers to the purpose for which a building or portion of a building is used or is intended to be used.
45
254 | Use groups
Code requirements are determined by the structures use group. Occupancies are classified into use groups based on the characteristics of the occupants, the activities, and the risk factor associated with the contents.
46
254 | Assembly
Occupancy used for gatherings of people for deliberation, worship, entertainment, eating, drinking, amusement, or awaiting transportation. Examples: churches, bars, nightclubs, sporting venues indoor, restaurants
47
254 | Business
Occupancy used for account and record keeping transaction of business other than mercantile Examples: dentist office, banks, hair salon, colleges and universities, insurance office, tv station
48
255 | Educational
educational purposes from through the 12 grade
49
255 | Industrial
occupancy where products are manufactured or processing, assembling, mixing, packing, finishing, decorating, or repair operations are conducted Examples :Auto assembly plants, clothing manufacturing, food processing, cement plants, furniture production
50
255 | Health Care
Occupancy used for purposes of medical or other treatment or for care of furor more persons where such occupants are mostly incapable of self preservation due to age, physical or mental disability or security measures not under the occupants control. Examples: hospitals, nursing homes
51
255 | Detention and Correctional
occupancy used to house four or more persons under varied degrees of restraint or security, where such occupants are mostly incapable of self preservation because of security measures not under occupants control Examples: jails, prisons, detention facilities
52
255 | Mercantile
occupancy used for the display and see of merchandise Examples: retail stores, convenience stores, department stores, drug stores, shops
53
255-256 | Residential (5)
occupancy provides sleeping accommodations for the purposes other than health care, detention,. or corrections. 5 subtypes 1-one/two family dwellings 2-lodging or rooming houses:buildings that sleep 16 or fewer on a transient or permanent w/o care, w/o meals and w/o separate cooking facilities. 3-Hotels: more than 16 transient 4-Dormitories: more than 16 5-Apartment buildings:three or more dwellings w/ separate cooking areas
54
256 | Storage
Occupancy used primarily for storing or sheltering goods, merchandise, products, vehicles, or animals Examples: cold storage plants, granaries, lumber yard, warehouse
55
256 | Mixed
property has multiple types of occupancies w/i single structure. ie old commercial building turned into residential but with bakery on first floor
56
256 | Unusual
misc ie towers, water tanks and barns
57
256 | Standard system for identification of hazards of materials for emergency response
NFPA 704
58
256 | What are all the colors in the NFPA 704 diamond, where are they and what do they represent? (2)
left diamond is blue and it represents health hazard top diamond is red and it reps the flammability hazard right diamond is yellow and it reps the reactivity hazard bottom diamond is white and it reps the special hazard rated 0-4, where 0 is all good and 4 is extreme danger 704 marker at entrance of building and doorway to chemical storage area.
59
258 | When preparing for an inspection what activities are recommended? (5)
-Review the code that applies to that property -Review prior inspections reports and file history. Chronic problem you should address? Pattern of lengthy time to correct violations. Incident history may indicate issues they have. Bring preincident plan see if contact info can be updated - Coordinate so inspections are not back to back - Arrange visit as to not interfere with business as much as you can but watch out for violations. - Bring items you need for inspection
60
259 | What is the systematic fashion that should be followed for inspections? (5)
Approach the inspection in a systematic manner 1. Circle the building and observer all four sides as you park. confirm location of hydrants, FDC 2. Meet the building representative, give goal of inspection, update contact info 3. Begin inspection Outside to inside bottom to top...FPS, fire pump, etc... *Verify all means of access and egress are clear, most important issue of an inspection this type* 4. Wrap up interview, review what was found, issue any corrective orders. 5. write formal report
61
260 When conducting inspection when should life threatening hazards be corrected? Other hazards?
they must be corrected immediately 30-90 days
62
260 What are the general inspection requirements? (4) generally requirements
properly operating exit doors unobstructed paths to egress fire protection systems be inspected extinguisher be inspected
63
``` 260-261 What should your inspection note about... Access and Egress Exits signs and emergency lighting Portable fire extinguishers Built in fire protection systems Electrical Special Hazards Hazard Identification Signs ```
1. Access and Egress-look for improper storage that blocks exits, requires immediate corrective action- 1st most important step. 2. Exit signs and Emergency lighting-burned out battery back up doesn't work 3. Portable extinguishers- look for correct size, type, location, inspection tag 4. Built in FPS- 2nd FDC unobstructed, caps on, sprinkler wrench/head available, control value open locked 5.Electrical-no combustable stored around panels 6. Special hazards-hazardous use permit 7. Hazard identification signs-NFPA 704 signs at door? stationary containers?
64
261 | Special concerns with Public Assembly
are all access and egress pathways clear? | Major problem is overcrowding, occupancy load posted
65
262 | Special concerns with Business Occupancies
Access and egress | These occupancies are notorious for inappropriate use of electrical cords
66
262 | Special concerns with Educational Occupancies
Exit paths
67
262 | Special concerns with Factory industrial occupancies
Improperly stored combustibles
68
263 | Special concerns with Hazardous Occupancies (3)
Signs should be posted that prohibit smoking fire doors should be in working order FPS should be working/maintained
69
263 | Special concerns with Mercantile Occupancies (5)
these occupancies are responsible for higher than average number LODD FFer deaths Exits clearly marked Exits blocked with merchandise, may interfere with sprinklers, so high
70
263 | Special concerns with Residential occupancies (4)
exits are a major concern fire doors propped open emergency lightfoot maintained objects in standpipes/missing caps
71
263 | Special concerns with Detention Occupancies (3)
working sprinkler system is essential FDC in worker order everything locked away
72
263 | Special concerns with Storage occupancies
material stocked too high for sprinkler protection, block sprinklers
73
264 | Business continuity planning
ongoing process to ensure that the necessary steps are taken to identify the impact of potential losses and maintain viable recovery strategies, recovery plans, and continuity services.

Fire Officer Principles and Practices (19 decks)

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