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Genetics > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evidence suggests RNA was the original genetic material: Ribozymes

A

Cut out parts of their own sequence

Connect RNA molecules

Replicate

Catalyze formation of peptide bonds between proteins

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2
Q

rRNA

A

B&E, cytoplasm

Function: Structural & functional components of the ribosome

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3
Q

mRNA

A

B&E, nucleus & cytoplasm

Carries genetic code for proteins

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4
Q

tRNA

A

B&E, cytoplasm

Helps incorporate amino acids into polypeptide chain

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5
Q

snRNA

A

Eukaryotic, nucleus

Processing of pre-mRNA

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6
Q

SnoRNA

A

Eukaryotic, nucleus

Processing and reassembly of rRNA

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7
Q

MiRNA

A

Eukaryotic, N&C

Inhibits translation of mRNA

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8
Q

siRNA

A

E, N&C

Triggers degradation of other RNA molecules

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9
Q

piRNA

A

Eukaryotic, N&C

Suppresses the transcription of transposable elements in reproductive cells

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10
Q

crRNA (CRISPR)

A

Prokaryotic

Assists in destruction of foreign DNA

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11
Q

Transcription needs 3 things

A
  1. A DNA Template
  2. Raw materials (ribonucleotide triphosphates)
  3. Transcription apparatus: proteins
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12
Q

How did they find the Christmas trees structure?

A 
Deoxyribonuclease= loss trunk
Ribonuclease= loss of branches
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13
Q

Transcription Unit

A

Stretch of DNA that encodes an RNA molecule and sequences necessary for its transcription.

Includes RNA coding sequence, promotor, and terminator

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14
Q

RNA coding sequence

A

sequence of DNA nucleotides that copied into an RNA molecule.

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15
Q

Promotor

A

DNA sequence where transcription apparatus binds, determines which strand to use and transcription start site

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16
Q

Terminator

A

sequence that signals where to end transcription

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17
Q

RNA is synthesized from ____________________. In RNA synthesis, nucleotides are added to the ____ of the RNA molecule (phosphodiester bond).

A

Ribonucleoside triphosphates (rNTPs)

3’-OH

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18
Q

Does initiation of RNA synthesis require a primer?

A

No

19
Q

Bacterial RNA polymerase

A

2x alpha
1x beta
1x beta prime
Stabilizing enzyme w

The core enzyme catalyzes elongation of RNA molecule by the addition of RNA molecules

20
Q

The sigma factor

A

controls the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter.

Without sigma, RNA polymerase initiates transcription at random point along DNA.

21
Q

Sigma + core enzyme =

A

holoenzyme

22
Q

RNA polymerase 1 transcribes…

A

Larger rRNAs

23
Q

RNA polymerase 2 transcribers…

A

pre-mRNA, snoRNA

Some:
snRNAs
mi RNAs

24
Q

RNA polymerase 3 transcribes…

A

t RNA, small rRNAs,

some:
snRNAs
miRNAs

25
Q

Plant only RNA polymerase

A

4- some siRNAs

5- heterochromatin formation

26
Q

Initiation

A

when the transcription apparatus assembles on the promoter and begins the synthesis of RNA

27
Q

Elongation

A

DNA is threaded through RNA polymerase, the polymerase unwinds the DNA and adds new nucleotides, one at a time, to the 3′ end of the growing RNA strand

28
Q

Termination

A

recognition of the end of the transcription unit and the separation of the RNA molecule from the DNA template.
RNA released for RNA polymerase.
RNA separated from DNA
RNA polymerase detach from DNA

29
Q

Important steps in initiation

A
  1. promotor recognition
  2. formation of transcription bubble
  3. creation of first bonds between rNTPs
  4. Escape of the transcription apparatus
30
Q

Bacterial promoters

A

sequences recognized by the transcription apparatus (holoenzyme) & required for transcription. Tells where to start, what strand to use, and what direction to transcribe.

Consensus sequences: sequences that possess similarity.
-10 consensus: 10bp upstream of start site
Pribnow box:
-5’TATAAT3’
-3’ATATTA5’
-35 consensus sequence: TTGACA

31
Q

Termination: Rho-dependent

A

Use rho factor

  1. DNA sequence of the terminator itself
  2. DNA sequence upstream of the terminator that encodes a stretch of RNA that is unusually rich in cytosine nucleotides and devoid of any secondary structures.

Rut site= rho utailization site

32
Q

Termination: Rho-independent termination

A

hairpin structure formed by inverted repeats, followed by a string of uracils.

Because hairpin/weak U-A bonds, destabilizes RNA-DNA binding
String of U causes RNA polymerase to pause giving time for the hairpin to form.

33
Q

Promoters: What initiates transcription? (E)

A

Basal transcription apparatus (aka RNA polymerase & general transcription factors)

34
Q

Promoters: Transcriptional Activator Proteins (E)

A

Bring basal transcription apparatus to the promoter and increase transcription above rates of the basal apparatus

35
Q

Promotors: RNA polymerase 2 (E)

A

mRNA synthesis

36
Q

Core Promoter TATA box TATAAAA (E)

A

located upstream of gene
has consensus sequences
-25- -30 bp, binded by general transcription factors

37
Q

Regulatory Promoter

A

Variety of different consensus sequences

Transcriptional activator proteins bind and modify transcription

38
Q

Overall, remember that initiation has

A

RNA polymerase 2 + general transcription factors

TATA binding protein

39
Q

What is the difference between core promoter and regulatory promoter?

A

The regulatory promoter is farther upstream.
AND
Transcription factors bind to the core promoter, transcriptional activator proteins bind to regulatory promoters

40
Q

RNA polymerase 1 Termination requires…

A

a termination factor like rho which binds to DNA sequence

41
Q

RNA polymerase 3 termination is

A

similar to rho-independent except no hairpin structure (inverted repeats). Strings of uracils signal termination.

42
Q

RNA polymerase 2 termination

A

When Rat1 reaches polymerase

43
Q

What suggests archaea is related to eukaryotes

A

RNA polymerase similar to eukaryotes than eubacteria
Acraea promoters have similar TATA box found in eukaryotic promoters
Archaea posses a TATA binding protein

Genetics (15 decks)

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