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Genetics > Ch. 9 & Ch. 10 > Flashcards

Ch. 9 & Ch. 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Wild-type/ Prototrophic Bacteria

A

Grow in minimal medium: they make all compounds they need

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2
Q

Auxotrophs

A

Grow in complete medium: contains what they need from growth and reproduction

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3
Q

Selective Medium

A

Lacks one essential nutrient

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4
Q

Episomes

A

plasmids capable of replicating freely and are able to integrate into bacterial chromosome

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5
Q

F (fertility factor)

A

Episome that controls mating/gene exchange between E coil cells

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6
Q

Conjugation

A

genetic material goes from one bacterium to another

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7
Q

Transformation

A

Bacteria takes DNA from medium

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8
Q

Transduction

A

Virus carries DNA to bacterium

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9
Q

Conjugation experiment by Lederberg and Tatum

A

Hey! these strains shouldn’t grow in this medium, but they do thanks to sharing of genes. And they need direct contact to make it happen.

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10
Q

F+ & F-

F+ x F-

A

F+ have sex pili and F factor. After giving it to F- cell, we have 2 F+ cells.

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11
Q

Hfr

A

f factor is part of the bacterial chromosome

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12
Q

Hfr x F-

A

A problem: the F- doesn’t like that it has an extra chromosome. So crossing over and degradation takes place. Technically no change (but some is possible due to crosses)

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13
Q

F’ Cell

A

Happens when Hfr cell has some internal crossing, we got the them separate, but not F+, because some of the genes that were on the main chromosome are on the F factor now.

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14
Q

F’ x F-

A

2x F’, but one of them has multiple copies of some genes.

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15
Q

Cells that can take up DNA through their cell membrane are said to be ___.

A

Competent

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16
Q

Transformation:

1. foreign DNA binds with complex

A
  1. Enzyme dissociates DNA to single strands
  2. Single-stranded fragment of DNA is imported into the cell
  3. DNA fragment recombines into a homologous region of the bacterial chromosome.
  4. Foreign DNA is duplicated with bacterial DNA after next round of cell division.
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17
Q

Cells that receive genetic material through transformation are called ____.

A

Transformants

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18
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

Bacteria take DNA from other species of bacteria and other organisms. (same species is vertical)

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19
Q

Bacterial Defense Mechanisms

A
  1. Virus must first attach to the cell wall or membrane and inject its DNA or RNA into the cell.
  2. Restriction Modification: restriction endonucleases that cleave viral DNA.
  3. CRISPR_Cas systems: immune system
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20
Q

Virus

A

Nucleic acid + protein coat

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21
Q

Phages that reproduce lytic cycle only

A

Virulent Phages

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22
Q

Phages that reproduce lysogenic or lytic cycle

A

Temperate phages

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23
Q

Inactive prophage

A

happens in lysogenic cycle.

24
Q

Types of transduction:

  1. Generalized transduction
  2. Specialized transduction
A
  1. any gene may be transferred

2. only a few genes are transferred

25
Q

Transducing phages

A

A piece of the bacterial chromosome, instead of phage DNA, occasionally gets packaged into a phage coat

26
Q

Transductants

A

Bacterial genes can be moved from one bacterial strain to another, producing recombinant bacteria

27
Q

Cotransduced

A

Only genes located close together on the bacterial chromosome will be transferred together

28
Q

What are RNA viruses capable of integrating into the genomes of their hosts called? What must they produce?

A

Retroviruses

Reverse transcriptase- enzyme that can synthesize complementary DNA from either an RNA or DNA template.

29
Q

Provirus

A

virual genome incorporated into an host chromosome

30
Q

Retroviral genomes:
gag-
pol-
env-

A

gag- gene encodes proteins that make up the viral protein coat.
pol- encodes reverse transcriptase and enzyme called “integrase”, which inserts the viral DNA into a host chromosome
env- gene encodes the glycoproteins that appear on the surface of the viral envelop

31
Q

oncogenes

A

in some retroviruses, may stimulate cell division and cause formation of tumors

32
Q

Genetic Material must

A
  1. Periodically Mutates (vary)
  2. Encodes blueprint for proteins (phenotype)
  3. Replicates and transmits to progeny
33
Q

Concentrations

A

A=T G=C

34
Q

Nitrogenous bases are

A

CATG

35
Q

Nucleotide

A

sugar phosphate base

36
Q

Griffith’s Experiment

A

Mice, heat killed bad bacteria + good bacteria = dead mouse

37
Q

Drs. Avery, Macleod, and McCarty’s experiment

A

DNase destroyed the transforming substance, the transforming substance must be DNA

38
Q

The Hershey-Chase experiment

A

Virus Phages: DNA or protein? Used radioactive phosphorus (DNA) and sulfur (PROTEIN)

39
Q

Fraenkel-conrat and singer’s experiment

A

RNA is the genetic material of TMV, RNA of one with protein of another

40
Q

Deoxyribose vs. ribsoe

A

Ribose- OH attached to 2’ carbon atom

Deoxyribose: H at this position and 1 fewer oxygen atom

41
Q

Why is DNA better suited as long term carrier of genetic info?

A

the addition oxygen atom on RNA makes it more reactive and less stable

DNA has double stranded structure, makes duplication more accurate

42
Q

Purine

A

2 rings

AG

43
Q

Pyrimdine

A

1 ring

CUT

44
Q

Nucleosides

A

Sugar + Base

45
Q

DNA: hydrogen bonds between pairs

A

noncovalent

2 between AT
3 between CG
CG pairing is stronger

46
Q

phosphodiester linkages

A

strong covalent bonds, forms negatively charged backbone

connects 5’ phosphate group and 3’-OH group of adjoining nucleotides

47
Q

Direction ALWAYS

A

5’ (phosphate) –> 3’ (hydroxyl group)

48
Q

what else holds DNA together?

A

Stacked base pairs

49
Q

Most DNA is in ___ form

A

B-Form: plenty of water, most stable, right handed helix, clockwise, 10 bp per 360 degrees.

50
Q

A-form

A

if less water, right handed but shorter and wider, bases tilted away from main axis of the molecule.

51
Q

Z-DNA

A

left handed. backbone zigzags.

52
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA replication –> TranSCRIPTion –> RNA –> TransLAtion –> Protein

53
Q

Hair pin vs. stem

A

Hair Pin: Occurs when sequences of nucleotides on the same strand (single strand) are inverted complements.

Stem: stem but no loop

54
Q

H-DNA

A

three-stranded (triplex); formed when DNA unwinds and one strand pairs with double-stranded DNA from another part of the molecule

Often occurs in long sequences of only purines or only pyrimidines
Common in mammalian genomes

55
Q

DNA methylation

A

Methyl group to nitrogenous base. affects 3D structure and gene expression.

56
Q

Watson & Crick & Franklin

A

10 bp
helix xhape
consistent diameter

Genetics (15 decks)

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