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Genetics > Ch. 9 & Ch. 10 > Flashcards

Ch. 9 & Ch. 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Wild-type/ Prototrophic Bacteria

A

Grow in minimal medium: they make all compounds they need

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2
Q

Auxotrophs

A

Grow in complete medium: contains what they need from growth and reproduction

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3
Q

Selective Medium

A

Lacks one essential nutrient

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4
Q

Episomes

A

plasmids capable of replicating freely and are able to integrate into bacterial chromosome

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5
Q

F (fertility factor)

A

Episome that controls mating/gene exchange between E coil cells

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6
Q

Conjugation

A

genetic material goes from one bacterium to another

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7
Q

Transformation

A

Bacteria takes DNA from medium

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8
Q

Transduction

A

Virus carries DNA to bacterium

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9
Q

Conjugation experiment by Lederberg and Tatum

A

Hey! these strains shouldn’t grow in this medium, but they do thanks to sharing of genes. And they need direct contact to make it happen.

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10
Q

F+ & F-

F+ x F-

A

F+ have sex pili and F factor. After giving it to F- cell, we have 2 F+ cells.

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11
Q

Hfr

A

f factor is part of the bacterial chromosome

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12
Q

Hfr x F-

A

A problem: the F- doesn’t like that it has an extra chromosome. So crossing over and degradation takes place. Technically no change (but some is possible due to crosses)

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13
Q

F’ Cell

A

Happens when Hfr cell has some internal crossing, we got the them separate, but not F+, because some of the genes that were on the main chromosome are on the F factor now.

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14
Q

F’ x F-

A

2x F’, but one of them has multiple copies of some genes.

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15
Q

Cells that can take up DNA through their cell membrane are said to be ___.

A

Competent

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16
Q

Transformation:

1. foreign DNA binds with complex

A
  1. Enzyme dissociates DNA to single strands
  2. Single-stranded fragment of DNA is imported into the cell
  3. DNA fragment recombines into a homologous region of the bacterial chromosome.
  4. Foreign DNA is duplicated with bacterial DNA after next round of cell division.
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17
Q

Cells that receive genetic material through transformation are called ____.

A

Transformants

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18
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

Bacteria take DNA from other species of bacteria and other organisms. (same species is vertical)

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19
Q

Bacterial Defense Mechanisms

A
  1. Virus must first attach to the cell wall or membrane and inject its DNA or RNA into the cell.
  2. Restriction Modification: restriction endonucleases that cleave viral DNA.
  3. CRISPR_Cas systems: immune system
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20
Q

Virus

A

Nucleic acid + protein coat

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21
Q

Phages that reproduce lytic cycle only

A

Virulent Phages

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22
Q

Phages that reproduce lysogenic or lytic cycle

A

Temperate phages

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23
Q

Inactive prophage

A

happens in lysogenic cycle.

24
Q

Types of transduction:

  1. Generalized transduction
  2. Specialized transduction
A
  1. any gene may be transferred

2. only a few genes are transferred

25
Transducing phages
A piece of the bacterial chromosome, instead of phage DNA, occasionally gets packaged into a phage coat
26
Transductants
Bacterial genes can be moved from one bacterial strain to another, producing recombinant bacteria
27
Cotransduced
Only genes located close together on the bacterial chromosome will be transferred together
28
What are RNA viruses capable of integrating into the genomes of their hosts called? What must they produce?
Retroviruses Reverse transcriptase- enzyme that can synthesize complementary DNA from either an RNA or DNA template.
29
Provirus
virual genome incorporated into an host chromosome
30
Retroviral genomes: gag- pol- env-
gag- gene encodes proteins that make up the viral protein coat. pol- encodes reverse transcriptase and enzyme called "integrase", which inserts the viral DNA into a host chromosome env- gene encodes the glycoproteins that appear on the surface of the viral envelop
31
oncogenes
in some retroviruses, may stimulate cell division and cause formation of tumors
32
Genetic Material must
1. Periodically Mutates (vary) 2. Encodes blueprint for proteins (phenotype) 3. Replicates and transmits to progeny
33
Concentrations
A=T G=C
34
Nitrogenous bases are
CATG
35
Nucleotide
sugar phosphate base
36
Griffith's Experiment
Mice, heat killed bad bacteria + good bacteria = dead mouse
37
Drs. Avery, Macleod, and McCarty's experiment
DNase destroyed the transforming substance, the transforming substance must be DNA
38
The Hershey-Chase experiment
Virus Phages: DNA or protein? Used radioactive phosphorus (DNA) and sulfur (PROTEIN)
39
Fraenkel-conrat and singer's experiment
RNA is the genetic material of TMV, RNA of one with protein of another
40
Deoxyribose vs. ribsoe
Ribose- OH attached to 2' carbon atom Deoxyribose: H at this position and 1 fewer oxygen atom
41
Why is DNA better suited as long term carrier of genetic info?
the addition oxygen atom on RNA makes it more reactive and less stable DNA has double stranded structure, makes duplication more accurate
42
Purine
2 rings | AG
43
Pyrimdine
1 ring | CUT
44
Nucleosides
Sugar + Base
45
DNA: hydrogen bonds between pairs
noncovalent | 2 between AT 3 between CG CG pairing is stronger
46
phosphodiester linkages
strong covalent bonds, forms negatively charged backbone connects 5' phosphate group and 3'-OH group of adjoining nucleotides
47
Direction ALWAYS
5' (phosphate) --> 3' (hydroxyl group)
48
what else holds DNA together?
Stacked base pairs
49
Most DNA is in ___ form
B-Form: plenty of water, most stable, right handed helix, clockwise, 10 bp per 360 degrees.
50
A-form
if less water, right handed but shorter and wider, bases tilted away from main axis of the molecule.
51
Z-DNA
left handed. backbone zigzags.
52
Central Dogma
DNA replication --> TranSCRIPTion --> RNA --> TransLAtion --> Protein
53
Hair pin vs. stem
Hair Pin: Occurs when sequences of nucleotides on the same strand (single strand) are inverted complements. Stem: stem but no loop
54
H-DNA
three-stranded (triplex); formed when DNA unwinds and one strand pairs with double-stranded DNA from another part of the molecule Often occurs in long sequences of only purines or only pyrimidines Common in mammalian genomes
55
DNA methylation
Methyl group to nitrogenous base. affects 3D structure and gene expression.
56
Watson & Crick & Franklin
10 bp helix xhape consistent diameter

Genetics (15 decks)

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