chapter 13

Question 1

1. Which of the following is a principle of bureaucratic organization?
   A. hierarchical authority
   B. job specialization
   C. formalized rules
   D. hierarchical authority, job specialization, and formalized rules
   E. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 1

D. hierarchical authority, job specialization, and formalized rules

Question 2

2. Compared to the president and Congress, the bureaucracy
   A. is held in higher esteem by the public.
   B. is authorized by a constitutional amendment rather than by the original Constitution.
   C. has a more direct impact on the daily lives of Americans.
   D. has changed very little during the nation’s history.
   E. is more easily controlled by the voters.

Answer 2

C. has a more direct impact on the daily lives of Americans.

Question 3

3. Whenever Congress has a perceived need for ongoing control of an economic activity, it has tended to create a
   A. regulatory agency.
   B. cabinet department.
   C. presidential commission.
   D. government corporation.
   E. blue ribbon panel.

Answer 3

A. regulatory agency.

Question 4

4. Which of the following statements does NOT correctly describe the typical independent agency?
   A. It has a more narrow area of responsibility than that of cabinet departments.
   B. Its head is appointed by an independent commission.
   C. It is divided into a number of smaller operating units.
   D. It exists independently of cabinet departments.
   E. Its head is appointed by the president.

Answer 4

B. Its head is appointed by an independent commission.

Question 5

5. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are
   A. all agencies within cabinet departments.
   B. all independent agencies.
   C. respectively, an independent agency, an agency within a cabinet department, and a regulatory agency.
   D. two cabinet departments and a regulatory agency.
   E. respectively, an agency within a cabinet department, an independent agency, and a regulatory agency.

Answer 5

E. respectively, an agency within a cabinet department, an independent agency, and a regulatory agency.

Question 6

6. Federal regulatory agencies have responsibility primarily in the area of
   A. economic policy.
   B. social welfare policy.
   C. foreign and defense policy.
   D. law enforcement policy.
   E. environmental policy.

Answer 6

A. economic policy.

Question 7

7. Regulatory agencies have
   A. administrative, legislative, and judicial functions.
   B. legislative and executive functions, but no judicial functions.
   C. adjudicative and law enforcement functions.
   D. multilateral, law enforcement, and executive functions.
   E. All these answers are correct.

Answer 7

A. administrative, legislative, and judicial functions.

Question 8

8. Most federal employees are hired on the basis of
   A. merit criteria.
   B. patronage.
   C. previous job experience in the private sector.
   D. the personal preferences of immediate supervisors.
   E. a lottery system.

Answer 8

A. merit criteria.

Question 9

9. Federal civil service employees cannot legally
   A. be fired from their jobs.
   B. go on strike.
   C. belong to a union.
   D. be restricted in their election activities.
   E. contribute to political campaigns.

Answer 9

B. go on strike.

Question 10

10. Policy implementation refers to the bureaucratic function of
    A. carrying out decisions made by Congress, the president, and the courts.
    B. regulating the distribution of funds to individuals and corporations.
    C. delegating legislative authority to smaller operating units of the bureaucracy.
    D. both regulating the distribution of funds to individuals and corporations, and delegating legislative authority to smaller operating units of the bureaucracy.
    E. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 10

A. carrying out decisions made by Congress, the president, and the courts.

Question 11

11. What were the “reinventing teams”?
    A. teams appointed by Congress to propose budget cuts to the federal bureaucracy
    B. groups of executive officials that were under the influence of “agency capture”
    C. Congressional committees designed to find ways to reduce the size of the national bureaucracy
    D. teams that were formed under the National Performance Review to analyze and make recommendations about bureaucratic effectiveness
    E. teams appointed by Congress to decide which branches of the federal bureaucracy could be eliminated

Answer 11

D. teams that were formed under the National Performance Review to analyze and make recommendations about bureaucratic effectiveness

Question 12

12. As distinct from the patronage system, the merit system for managing the bureaucracy
    A. allows the president to appoint top officials of executive agencies, thus making the bureaucracy more responsive to election outcomes.
    B. provides for presidential leadership of the bureaucracy, thus giving it greater coordination and direction.
    C. provides for a neutral administration in the sense that civil servants are not partisan appointees, thus ensuring evenhanded work.
    D. provides that all programs will be evaluated regularly to determine whether they merit continued funding.
    E. All these answers are correct.

Answer 12

C. provides for a neutral administration in the sense that civil servants are not partisan appointees, thus ensuring evenhanded work.

Question 13

13. When it was developed during the Jackson administration, the patronage system was designed to
    A. provide jobs to merit appointees.
    B. tie the administration more closely to the people it served.
    C. increase congressional control of the bureaucracy.
    D. increase judicial control of the bureaucracy.
    E. provide jobs to lawyers.

Answer 13

B. tie the administration more closely to the people it served.

Question 14

14. In the late 1800s, rapid economic growth placed new demands on the federal government and led it to
    A. create new federal departments built around economic interests.
    B. establish the executive management system.
    C. reorganize the cabinet in order to make it the center of economic policy making.
    D. both create new federal departments built around economic interests, and establish the executive management system.
    E. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 14

A. create new federal departments built around economic interests.

Question 15

15. The administrative concept of neutral competence holds that the bureaucracy should
    A. be staffed by people chosen on the basis of ability and do its work fairly on behalf of all citizens.
    B. stay out of conflicts between Congress and the president.
    C. be structured on the basis of the principles of specialization, hierarchy, and formal rules.
    D. not allow in-fighting between agencies.
    E. be staffed by partisan presidents.

Answer 15

A. be staffed by people chosen on the basis of ability and do its work fairly on behalf of all citizens.

Question 16

16. Bureaucrats tend to follow
    A. the wishes of the president.
    B. the wishes of Congress.
    C. their own agency’s point of view.
    D. the expectations of the general public.
    E. the wishes of federal judges.

Answer 16

C. their own agency’s point of view.

Question 17

17. The federal bureaucracy today is
    A. extremely wasteful and unresponsive to the public it serves.
    B. an ineffective institution in comparison with bureaucracies of democracies with unitary systems.
    C. more responsive to the public at large than to the particular interests that depend on its various programs.
    D. a mix of the patronage and merit systems.
    E. mostly dominated by patronage politics.

Answer 17

D. a mix of the patronage and merit systems.

Question 18

18. Which of the following is true of federal employees and labor unions?
    A. Federal employees are prohibited from forming labor unions.
    B. Federal employees can form labor unions, but their unions by law have limited authority.
    C. There are no restrictions on the creation and powers of labor unions by federal employees.
    D. Among federal employees, only members of federal corporations can legally form labor unions.
    E. Federal employees can form labor unions but are not allowed to participate in collective bargaining.

Answer 18

B. Federal employees can form labor unions, but their unions by law have limited authority.

Question 19

19. About three in every five managerial and professional positions in the federal bureaucracy are held by
    A. women.
    B. white males.
    C. African Americans.
    D. Latino Americans.
    E. Asian Americans.

Answer 19

B. white males.

Question 20

20. Bureaucrats are ________ and elected officials are ________.
    A. generalists; specialists
    B. generalists; generalists
    C. specialists; generalists
    D. specialists; specialists
    E. popular; unpopular

Answer 20

C. specialists; generalists

Question 21

21. The special interests that benefit directly from a bureaucratic agency’s programs are called
    A. clientele groups.
    B. pressure groups.
    C. entitlement groups.
    D. programmatic groups.
    E. recipient groups.

Answer 21

A. clientele groups.

Question 22

22. Which of the following is true of the federal government’s demographic representativeness?
    A. Because the federal government has reduced efforts to specifically promote women and minorities, the proportion of white males that hold top administration positions has increased in recent years.
    B. If all employees are taken into account, the federal bureaucracy comes reasonably close to being representative of the nation’s population.
    C. Women and minorities are better represented in Congress and the judiciary than they are among the top ranks of administrators.
    D. The concept of a demographically representative civil service was first endorsed by President Reagan in 1984.
    E. There has been much more improvement in the representation of minorities in the civil service than in the representation of women.

Answer 22

B. If all employees are taken into account, the federal bureaucracy comes reasonably close to being representative of the nation’s population.

Question 23

23. In terms of holding the bureaucracy accountable, the most important unit within the Executive Office of the President is the
    A. Office of Policy Development.
    B. Office of Management and Budget.
    C. Council of Economic Advisors.
    D. White House Office.
    E. Office of the Vice President.

Answer 23

B. Office of Management and Budget.

Question 24

24. When an individual believes that he or she was improperly disadvantaged by a bureaucrat’s decision and contests the decision, the dispute is usually handled by
    A. an administrative law judge.
    B. a congressional oversight committee.
    C. a federal appeals court.
    D. a departmental or agency adjudication office.
    E. the Supreme Court.

Answer 24

A. an administrative law judge.

Question 25

25. The Senior Executive Service (SES)
    A. is composed of civil employees that can be fired more easily than normal career civil servants.
    B. was designed to combat abuse of the patronage system.
    C. is composed of civil employees that can be assigned by the president to any position within the bureaucracy.
    D. has been more successful in practice than its proponents anticipated.
    E. assigns most of its senior executives to work within a different agency than the one in which they originally worked.

Answer 25

C. is composed of civil employees that can be assigned by the president to any position within the bureaucracy.

Question 26

26. Legally, the bureaucracy derives general authority for its programs from
    A. acts of Congress.
    B. federalism.
    C. regulatory rulings.
    D. court rulings.
    E. the will of the people.

Answer 26

A. acts of Congress.

Question 27

27. How has the Government Accountability Office’s role changed?
    A. It has acquired wide judicial and adjudication powers to deal with inter-agency disputes.
    B. It has changed from a presidential-executive support agency to largely a congressional support agency.
    C. It has been given broader powers over time to actually grant additional funds or take away funds directly from agencies.
    D. It has had its broad powers limited from general oversight down to keeping track of agency spending.
    E. It has moved from a limited role of keeping track of agency spending to also monitoring whether the agency is implementing policies in the way Congress intended.

Answer 27

E. It has moved from a limited role of keeping track of agency spending to also monitoring whether the agency is implementing policies in the way Congress intended.

Question 28

28. The Department of ________ was created in 2002.
    A. Transportation
    B. Energy
    C. Education
    D. Veterans Affairs
    E. Homeland Security

Answer 28

E. Homeland Security

Question 29

29. The cabinet department with the largest number of full-time civilian employees is the Department of
    A. State.
    B. Defense.
    C. Labor.
    D. Health and Human Services.
    E. Education.

Answer 29

B. Defense.

Question 30

30. Regarding the educational background of bureaucrats, high-ranking civil servants in continental Europe, compared to American bureaucrats, tend to have a college major specializing in
    A. natural sciences and engineering.
    B. law.
    C. social sciences and the humanities.
    D. business management.
    E. journalism.

Answer 30

B. law.

Question 31

31. The courts have tended to support administrators as long as their agencies
    A. choose rules that save money.
    B. can apply a reasonable interpretation of a statute.
    C. follow what the president demands of them.
    D. have adequate funding.
    E. don’t come into conflict with state governments.

Answer 31

B. can apply a reasonable interpretation of a statute.

Question 32

32. The National Performance Review addressed which of the following issues about the bureaucracy?
    A. responsiveness
    B. accountability
    C. efficiency
    D. all these issues: responsiveness, accountability, and efficiency
    E. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 32

D. all these issues: responsiveness, accountability, and efficiency

Question 33

33. The Department of ________ was founded in 1889.
    A. Health and Human Services
    B. State
    C. Labor
    D. Homeland Security
    E. Agriculture

Answer 33

E. Agriculture

Question 34

34. The number of employees in the federal bureaucracy is about ________.
    A. 10 million
    B. 2.5 million
    C. 5 million
    D. 700,000
    E. 1 million

Answer 34

B. 2.5 million

Question 35

35. Which of the following was the most recent broad initiative aimed at making the bureaucracy more responsive?
    A. the Brownlow Commission
    B. the National Performance Review
    C. the Hoover Commission
    D. the Volcker Commission
    E. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 35

B. the National Performance Review

Question 36

36. The chief way that administrative agencies exercise power over policy is through
    A. rulemaking, or deciding how a law will operate in practice.
    B. judicial interpretation, or mandating the constitutionality or unconstitutionality of a new statute.
    C. hiring and firing government personnel in the name of efficiency and effectiveness.
    D. testifying before Congress on the merits or demerits of a proposed regulation or law.
    E. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 36

A. rulemaking, or deciding how a law will operate in practice.

Question 37

37. The importance of clientele groups was especially clear in 1995 when House Speaker Newt Gingrich threatened to “zero out” funding for the
    A. Social Security System.
    B. Corporation for Public Broadcasting.
    C. Department of Agriculture.
    D. drug education program administered by Health and Human Services.
    E. U.S. Postal Service.

Answer 37

B. Corporation for Public Broadcasting.

Question 38

38. Amtrak is an example of a(n)
    A. cabinet department.
    B. government corporation.
    C. independent agency.
    D. regulatory agency.
    E. presidential commission.

Answer 38

B. government corporation.

Question 39

39. What happens to the president’s budget if it is approved by a vote of the House and Senate?
    A. It is reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget.
    B. It has reached its final approval and is implemented.
    C. It is sent to the president to sign or veto.
    D. It is given to the president for any further executive changes to be added.
    E. It is referred to the House and Senate appropriations committees for implementation.

Answer 39

C. It is sent to the president to sign or veto.

Question 40

40. Upon reaching Congress, what first happens to the president’s budget proposal?
    A. It is subjected to floor debate.
    B. It goes to the House and Senate budget committees.
    C. It is reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget.
    D. It is marked up by the full Senate before moving to the House.
    E. It is referred to the House and Senate appropriations committees.

Answer 40

B. It goes to the House and Senate budget committees.

Question 41

41. Bureaucracy is best characterized in terms of
    A. inefficiency, inflexibility, and red tape.
    B. hierarchy, specialization, and rules.
    C. honesty, efficiency, and patronage.
    D. corruption, incompetence, and spoils.
    E. waste, red tape, and lack of rules.

Answer 41

B. hierarchy, specialization, and rules.

Question 42

42. In promoting their agency’s goals, bureaucrats rely on
    A. their expert knowledge.
    B. the backing of the president and Congress.
    C. the support of clientele groups.
    D. all of these: their expert knowledge; the backing of the president and Congress; and the support of clientele groups.
    E. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 42

D. all of these: their expert knowledge; the backing of the president and Congress; and the support of clientele groups.

Question 43

43. Which of the following agencies or departments is likely to have strong allies from a group of particular states in Congress?
    A. the Department of Defense
    B. the Central Intelligence Agency
    C. the Environmental Protection Agency
    D. the Department of Agriculture
    E. the Federal Trade Commission

Answer 43

D. the Department of Agriculture

Question 44

44. Studies have found that the U.S. federal bureaucracy
    A. becomes far less effective as it grows over time.
    B. is much less accountable than the bureaucracies of European democracies.
    C. compares favorably in performance to government bureaucracies elsewhere.
    D. is one of the least representative of minorities compared to others worldwide.
    E. falls far short of the effectiveness of most foreign bureaucracies.

Answer 44

C. compares favorably in performance to government bureaucracies elsewhere.

Question 45

45. What “multiple-use” policy is the U.S. Forest Service tasked with?
    A. preserving forests for recreation, and protecting endangered species
    B. preserving forests in response to environmental concerns, and coordinating with the National Park Service for creating park lands
    C. serving both the interests of lumber sellers and mining interests
    D. opening up forests both for logging and in response to energy concerns
    E. preserving forests for environmental reasons, and opening them up for logging

Answer 45

E. preserving forests for environmental reasons, and opening them up for logging

Question 46

46. Congress oversees the bureaucracy by using
    A. sunset provisions.
    B. the Government Accounting Office.
    C. enabling provisions.
    D. all of these: sunset provisions, the Government Accounting Office, and enabling provisions.
    E. None of these answers is correct.

Answer 46

D. all of these: sunset provisions, the Government Accounting Office, and enabling provisions.

Question 47

47. ________ is/are most likely to understand trade issues in the United States.
    A. The president
    B. Members of the Senate
    C. Career bureaucrats in the Department of Commerce and the Federal Trade Commission
    D. Members of the House
    E. Federal mediators

Answer 47

C. Career bureaucrats in the Department of Commerce and the Federal Trade Commission

Question 48

48. The ________ established a merit system for certain federal positions.
    A. Morrill Act
    B. Hatch Act
    C. Pendleton Act
    D. Taft-Hartley Act
    E. National Performance Review

Answer 48

C. Pendleton Act

Question 49

49. At the start of the annual budget cycle, the OMB assigns each agency a budget limit based on
    A. the president’s directives.
    B. its own projections of what is affordable.
    C. the Justice Department’s instructions.
    D. Congressional guidelines.
    E. the guidelines of the Commerce Department.

Answer 49

A. the president’s directives.

Question 50

50. Why does the head of the Social Security Administration (SSA) have less policy influence than the head of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)?
    A. because the SSA operates under fixed rules than cannot be altered based on circumstances
    B. because the SSA budget is much smaller than the FTC budget
    C. because the SSA is an independent agency and the FTC is a presidential commission
    D. because the SSA has fewer clientele groups than the FTC
    E. because the SSA affects a smaller portion of the population than FTC policies

Answer 50

A. because the SSA operates under fixed rules than cannot be altered based on circumstances