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Nervous Chapter 11 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

0
Q

Neural plate

A

Flat plate of ectodermal tissue on dorsal surface of embryo

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1
Q

Brain stem includes

A

Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

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2
Q

Notochord

A

Rod shaped, influences neural plate in embryo

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3
Q

Neural folds

A

Lateral sides of neural plate elevate to become waves

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4
Q

Neural groove

A

Center of the neural plate, the neural crest is the top of the fold

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5
Q

Neural tube

A

Neural crests fuse together to create the neural tube. Becomes the brain and spinal cord.

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6
Q

Neural crest cells

A

Separate from neural crests and create sensory, autonomic and enteric neurons

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7
Q

Forebrain, hindbrain, midbrain

A

Pouches that develop in embryo brain

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8
Q

Telencephalon

A

Embryo- becomes cerebrum and diencephalon

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9
Q

Midbrain of embryo

A

Stays single unit, mesencephalon

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10
Q

Hindbrain of embryo

A

Divides into the metencephalon becoming pons and cerebellum

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11
Q

Myelencephalon

A

From hindbrain- becomes medulla oblongata

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12
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Most inferior part of brainstem. Vital reflexes: heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiration, swallowing, vomiting, hiccuping, coughing, sneezing

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13
Q

Pyramids

A

Medulla oblongata. Prominent enlargements

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14
Q

Olives

A

Medulla oblongata. Oval structures protrude anterior surface. Balance, coordination, modulation of sound

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15
Q

Cranial nerves of medulla oblongata

A

V trigeminal, VII facial, IX glossopharyngeal, X vagus, XI accessory, XII hypoglossal

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16
Q

Pons

A

Superior to medulla oblongata. Has ascending and descending tracts.

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17
Q

Pontine nuclei

A

Pons. Relays information from cerebrum to cerebellum. Sleep center, REM, respiratory

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18
Q

Midbrain cranial nerves

A

Smallest region. III oculomotor, IV trochlear, V trigeminal

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19
Q

Pons cranial nerves

A

V trigeminal, VI abducens, VII facial, VIII vestibulocochlear

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20
Q

Tectum

A

Roof of midbrain.

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21
Q

Corpora quadrigemina

A

Four nuclei mounds on tectum

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22
Q

Colliculus

A

Each mound that makes up corpora quadrigemina.

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23
Q

Superior colliculi

A

Pair of colliculus. Receive sensory input from visual, auditory, tactile, reflex movements of head, and cerebrum

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24
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

Pair of colliculus. Hearing, auditory pathway in CNS

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25
Q

Tegmentum

A

Midbrain. Ascending tracts

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26
Q

Red nuclei

A

Midbrain, tegmentum. Unconscious regulation and coordination.

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27
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

Midbrain, ventral to tegmentum. Descending tracts.

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28
Q

Substantial nigra

A

Midbrain, black substance between tegmentum and cerebral peduncles. Muscle tone and coordination

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29
Q

Reticular formation

A

Several loosely packed nuclei scattered throughout brainstem. Receives sensory from many axons, especially in face. Alertness, consciousness, sleep wake cycle

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30
Q

Cerebellum, major parts

A

(Little brain) flocculondular lobe, vermis, two large lateral hemispheres

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31
Q

Flocculnodular

A

Cerebellum, control balance and eye movements

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32
Q

Vermis

A

Cerebellum, posture, locomotion, fine motor coordination

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33
Q

Lateral hemispheres of cerebellum

A

Work with frontal lobes on planning, practicing, learning complex movements

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34
Q

Primary fissure

A

Divides lateral hemispheres of cerebellum. Anterior, posterior

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35
Q

Superior, middle, inferior cerebellar peduncles

A

Three tracts that connect the cerebellum with midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata.

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36
Q

Folia

A

Cerebellar Cortex ridges

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37
Q

Arbor vitae

A

Cerebellum. White matter of medulla resembles a branching tree

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38
Q

Nuclei of cerebellum

A

Located deep inferior center of white matter.

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39
Q

Purkinje cells

A

Cerebellum, receive 200,000 synapses, inhibitory neurons. Only cerebellar cortex neurons that send axons to cerebellar nuclei.

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40
Q

Diencephalon

A

Between brainstem and cerebrum. Includes thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

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41
Q

Thalamus

A

Diencephalon, largest part. Sensory relay center. All sensory except smell.

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42
Q

Interthalamic adhesion

A

Stalk that connects lateral portions of thalamus. Third ventricle of the brain.

43
Q

Dorsal tier

A

Thalamus, axons that originate in central posterior nucleus that registers pain.

44
Q

Thalamus functions

A

Also influences mood, actions of strong emotions fear and rage

45
Q

Subthalamus

A

Small, inferior to thalamus. Ascending and descending tracts. Associated with basal nuclei, control motor functions

46
Q

Epithalamus

A

Consists of habenula and pineal gland

47
Q

Habenula

A

Epithalamus, sense of smell, emotional and visceral response to odor

48
Q

Pineal gland

A

Epithalamus, sleep-wake cycle and other biorhythms

49
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Most inferior portion of diencephalon. Control center of endocrine system, body temperature (sweating, shivering) hunger, thirst, sex drive, mood, motivation, emotion

50
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

Hypothalamus, olfactory reflexes, emotion response to odors, memory

51
Q

Infundibulum

A

Hypothalamus, connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland

52
Q

Longitudinal fissure of cerebrum

A

Divides into left and right hemispheres

53
Q

Gyri

A

Folds, increase surface area on cerebrum

54
Q

Sulci

A

Grooves between gyri

55
Q

Central sulcus

A

Cerebrum, divides into anterior and posterior.

56
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

Anterior part of cerebrum. The primary motor cortex

57
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Posterior cerebrum, The primary somatic sensory cortex

58
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Voluntary motor function, motivation, aggressions, smell, mood

59
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Anterior region of frontal lobe. Personality, decision making

60
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Major receiving and evaluating center for sensory information. NOT smell, hearing, taste, vision

61
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Receiving and integrating visual input

62
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Relieves and evaluates input for smell and hearing and important to memory

63
Q

Lateral fissure

A

Separates the temporal lobe

64
Q

Insula

A

Deep within lateral fissure. Received and evaluates taste information. Often called fifth lobe

65
Q

Cerebral medulla

A

White matter of the brain between cortex and nuclei.

66
Q

Association fibers

A

Connect areas of cerebral cortex within same hemisphere

67
Q

Commissural fibers

A

Connects one cerebral hemisphere to another (CORPUS CALLOSUM)

68
Q

Projection fibers

A

Connect cerebrum to other parts of brain and spinal cord. Forms the internal capsule.

69
Q

Basal nuclei

A

Group of functionally related nuclei located bilaterally in the inferior cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain. Motor functions

70
Q

Limbic system

A

Cerebrum and diencephalon. Basic survival functions: memory, reproduction, nutrition.

71
Q

Meninges

A

3 connective tissue membranes; periosteal dura, menu heal dura, dura mater

72
Q

Dural folds

A

Tough connective tissue partitions that extend into major brain fissures

73
Q

Falx cerebri

A

Largest dura fold in longitudinal fissure, anchors to crusts Galli

74
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Dura fold, horizontal between cerebrum and cerebellum

75
Q

Dural venous sinuses

A

Spaces that form where the two layers of dura mater are separated from each other. Transports blood and CSF away from brain to jugular veins

76
Q

Superior Sagittal sinus.

A

Largest dura venous sinuses

77
Q

Septa pellucida

A

Separates lateral ventricles of cerebrum

78
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

In the inferior part of pontine region and superior of the medulla oblongata at the base of cerebellum

79
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

Third ventricle communicates with fourth ventricle. Extends length of spinal cord.

80
Q

Cerebral spinal fluid

A

Clear, similar to plasma without proteins. Baths and cushions CNS. 80-90% specialized ependymal cells

81
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Ependymal cells, support tissue, blood vessels

82
Q

Median and lateral apertures

A

Allow CSF to pass from fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space

83
Q

Internal carotid arteries

A

Ascend to the head along the anterior-lateral part of the neck

84
Q

Vertebral arteries

A

Blood ascends through posterior part of the neck through transverse formina of cervical vertebrae

85
Q

Basilar artery

A

Vertebral arteries join to form, lies on ventral surface of pons

86
Q

Cerebral arterial circle

A

Basilar artery and internal carotid arteries. Branches from basilar arteries supply brain

87
Q

Cerebral cortex blood supply

A

Anterior, middle, posterior cerebral arteries

88
Q

Cranial nerves has one or more functions

A

Sensory, somatic motor, parasympathetic

89
Q

Somatic motor

A

Control of skeletal muscles

90
Q

Proprioception

A

Informs brain about the position of various body parts

91
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Regulation of glands, smooth muscles, cardiac muscle

92
Q

Cranial nerves I and II

A

Olfactory, optic

93
Q

Oculomotor III

A

Innervates four of six muscles that move eyeball

94
Q

Trigeminal nerve V

A

Somatic motor nerve, proprioceptive, cutaneous sensory. Allows chewing food without biting tongue or cheek

95
Q

Trochlear nerve IV

A

Somatic motor nerve. One of six eye ball muscles

96
Q

Sensory cutaneous innervation

A

Trigeminal V, sensory to blood vessels in meninges associated with migraine and headache

97
Q

Alveolar nerves

A

Innervates the teeth (comes from V)

98
Q

Abducens nerve VI

A

Somatic nerve that innervates one of six muscles in eyeball

99
Q

Facial nerve VII

A

Somatic, sensory, parasympathetic. Facial expressions, middle ear, two hyoid muscles, taste in 2/3 of tongue, spit, tears

100
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve VIII

A

Sensory, inner ear, balance, special senses

101
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve IX

A

Somatic, sensory, parasympathetic. Pharynx, spit, taste in 1/3 of tongue, middle ear and carotid arteries

102
Q

Vagus nerve X

A

Soft palate, pharynx, larynx, taste I. Root of tongue, aortic arch (monitor blood) heart, lungs, kidneys, abdomen

103
Q

Accessory nerve XI

A

Somatic, both cranial and spinal roots. Same as vagus nerve, but also sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

104
Q

Hypoglossal nerve XII

A

Somatic, intrinsic tongue muscles, thyrohyoid and geniohyoid muscles

Nervous Chapter 11 (3 decks)

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