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Nervous Chapter 11 > Chapter 11 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Vocab Flashcards

0
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Originate from spinal cord. 31 pairs

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1
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs. Originate from brain

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2
Q

Ganglion

A

Collection of neuron cell bodies located outside CNS

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3
Q

Plexus

A

Extensive network of axons sometimes neuron cell bodies outside CNS

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4
Q

Subdivisions of PNS

A

Sensory division and motor division

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5
Q

Sensory division

A

Afferent -toward brain

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6
Q

Motor division

A

Efferent. Away from brain to organs

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7
Q

Motor division subcategories

A

Somatic and autonomic

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8
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) subcategories

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic division

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9
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Active during physical activity

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10
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Regulates resting functions. Digestion empty urine

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11
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

Plexus within digestive tract. Control independently from CNS

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12
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supportive cells, protect neurons. Accounts for more than half brains weight.

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13
Q

Axons

A

Nerve fibers

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14
Q

Nissl bodies

A

Primary site of protein synthesis in neurons.

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15
Q

Dendritic spines

A

Receive input from other neurons axons and environment

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16
Q

Axon hillock

A

Most neurons; single axon arises from a cone shaped area of. Neuron cell body

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17
Q

Initial segment

A

Beginning of the axon

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18
Q

Trigger zone

A

Action potentials generated

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19
Q

Axoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of an axon

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20
Q

Axolemma

A

Axon plasma membrane

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21
Q

Types of neurons

A

Sensory, motor, interneurons, bipolar neurons, multipolar neurons, pseudo-unipolar neuron

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22
Q

Interneurons

A

Conduct action potentials within CNS

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23
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

Many dendrites and single axon. Most in CNS and motor

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24
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

Two processes; one dendrite one axon. Received stimulus– retina and nasal cavity

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25
Q

Pseudo-Unipolar neurons

A

Single process extends from cell body. Sensory receptors

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26
Q

Neuroglia of CNS

A

Astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes

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27
Q

Neuroglia of the PNS

A

Schwann cells, satellite cells

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28
Q

Astrocytes

A

Star shaped. Cytoplasmic processes extend to form foot processes

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29
Q

Foot processes

A

Astrocytes. Spread out and cover blood vessels, neurons and pia matter

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30
Q

Pia matter

A

Membrane covering outside of brain and spinal cord

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31
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Astrocytes release chemicals to form tight gap junctions between endothelial cells of capillaries.

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32
Q

Reactive astrocytes

A

Injuries to CNS cause astrocytes to wall off damaged area

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33
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Neuroglia that line the ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord.

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34
Q

Choroid plexuses

A

Ependymal cells and blood vessels. Secrete cerebral spinal fluid that flows through brain

35
Q

Microglia

A

Neuroglia of CNS that phagocytize

36
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

CNS myelin sheath

37
Q

Schwann cells

A

Neuroglia in PNS. Wrap around axons to form myelin sheath

38
Q

Satellite cells

A

Surround cell bodies in sensory and autonomic ganglia. Support nutrition and heavy metal protection

39
Q

Gray matter

A

Very little myelin and neuron cell bodies and dendrites.

40
Q

Cortex

A

Gray matter on surface of brain

41
Q

Nuclei

A

Clusters of gray matter deeper in the brain

42
Q

White matter

A

Parallel axons that are myelinated.

43
Q

Nerve tracts

A

White matter of CNS, conduction pathways, propagate action potentials from one area to another

44
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

K+ inside cell, Na+ outside

45
Q

Leak ion channels

A

Nongated ion channels. Always open

46
Q

Gated ion channels

A

Ligand gated, voltage gated, other gated

47
Q

Ligand-gated ion channels

A

Stimulated to open by chemical-neurotransmitter or hormone

48
Q

Voltage gated ion channels

A

Response to a small voltage change across plasma membrane

49
Q

Other gated. Ion channels

A

Touch receptors, temperatures in skin

50
Q

Polarized

A

Opposite charges or poles across membrane

51
Q

Summation

A

Effects produced by one graded potential are added onto the effects of another graded potential

52
Q

After potential

A

After repolarization plasma membrane becomes hyper polarized

53
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

First part of refractory period. Complete insensitivity to another stimulus

54
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Second part of refractory period. Stronger than threshold stimulus can initiate another actin potential period

55
Q

Action potential frequency

A

Number of action potentials produced per unit of time in response to a stimulus

56
Q

Sub threshold stimulus

A

Any stimulus not strong enough to produce a graded potential that reaches threshold

57
Q

Threshold stimulus

A

A graded potential that is just strong enough to reach threshold and cause single action potential

58
Q

Maximal stimulus

A

Just strong enough to produce a maximum frequency of action potentials

59
Q

Sub maximal stimulus

A

All stimuli between threshold and maximal stimulus strength

60
Q

Supra maximal stimulus

A

Any stimulus that is stronger than maximal stimulus

61
Q

Propagate

A

Spread. Action potential stimulates adjacent point on plasma membrane

62
Q

Local current

A

Movement of positive charged ions

63
Q

Continuous conduction

A

Action potential conduction in unmyelinated axons

64
Q

Type a fibers

A

Large diameter, myelinated

65
Q

Type b fibers

A

Medium diameter, lightly myelinated

66
Q

Types b and C fibers

A

Primarily apart of ANS

67
Q

Presynaptic cell

A

Transmits a signal toward the synapse

68
Q

Connexons

A

Group of six tubular proteins. Gap junctions of electrical synapse that allows local current

69
Q

Chemical synapse

A

Presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, post synaptic membrane

70
Q

Presynaptic terminal

A

End of an axon

71
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Space separating the axon ending and the cell it synapses with

72
Q

Neuromodulators

A

Substances released from neurons that influence the likelihood of an action potential being produced in the postal apron cell. Drugs

73
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory post synaptic potential

74
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory post synaptic potential

75
Q

Axoaxonic synapses

A

CNS. One axon synapses with another

76
Q

Presynaptic inhibition

A

Amount of neurotransmitter released from the pray patio terminal decreases

77
Q

Presynaptic facilitation

A

Amount of neurotransmitter released from presynaptic terminal increases

78
Q

Spatial summation

A

Multiple action potentials arrive simultaneously at two different presynaptic terminals with the same postsynaptic neuron

79
Q

Temporal summation

A

Two or more action potentials arrive in very close succession at a single presynaptic terminal

80
Q

Serial pathway

A

Input travel in one pathway

81
Q

Parallel pathway

A

Input travels on several pathways

82
Q

Convergent pathways

A

Neurons come together as one

83
Q

Divergent pathway

A

One into many

84
Q

Reverberating circuits

A

Positive feedback

85
Q

Parallel after-discharge circuits

A

Neuron stimulate several neurons and end with one output

Nervous Chapter 11 (3 decks)

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