Chapter 13 Flashcards
Reasoning
start with information, and come to conclusions that go beyond that information
Inductive Reasoning (also 3 evidences)
Reasoning to come to conclusion of consideration of evidence
1) representativeness (category)
2) number of observation (how many times has this happened?)
3) quality of evidence (e.g science)
Availability Heuristics
events are more likely to be judged as more probable the easier it comes to mind
Illusory Correlations
occur when a relationship appears to exisit, but in reality there is none (e.g supersistions, sterotypes)
Representiveness Heuristic
probability that probability A comes from be can be determined how well A resembles B (e.g judging occupcations)
Deductive Reasoning
reasoning through whether conclusions logically follow from statment
Categorical Syllogism
Premises and conclusions describe relationship between 2 categories
Syllogism
2 premises and a conclusion
Validity
when syllogism indicates conclusion is valid, it dosent actually have to be true
Belief Bias
tendency to think syllogism is valid if conclusion is believable
Evans 1983 on Syllogism Validity
a valid syllogism with an unbelievable conclusion is les likely to be judged as valid THAN a valid syllogism with a believable conclusion (remember, for syllogism to be valid, the conclusion does not have to be actually true)
Mental Model
determining if syllogisms are valid by creating mental models of situations based on the premises of the syllogism
Conditional Syllogism
have 2 premis and a conclusion (if then statements)
Modus Pones
If P, then Q- p is true, therefore Q is true.
What Modus is this:
(If I study, Ill get a good grade. I studied, Therefore I’ll get a good grade.
Modus Pones - If P, then Q.
(if study, i get good grade)
P is true, therefore Q is true
(I studied, Therefore Ill get a good grade)
What Modus is this ( If I study, I’ll get a good grade. I didn’t get a good grade. Therefore, I didn’t study.)
Modus Tollens - If P, then Q-
Not Q, therefore not P..
(I didnt get a good grade, therefore I didnt study)
Wason 4 Card Problem
- 4 cards task is to indicate what cards you need to turnover to test the rule of “If vowel, then even number”
CORRECT ANSWER?: turn over E then to falsify, turn over 7.
Falsification principle
to test a rule, you need to look for situations that could falsify that rule
Griggs and Cox 4 card problem
Same as Wason, but in concerte terms. Asking the rule of “If drinking beer, they are over 19 years old”
Permission Schema
if someone satisfies A, they can do be
griggs and cox 4 card problem forced particpants to do what
activate attention on the card that would test that schema
(CORRECT ANSWER: choose beer, then choose 16)
(If 16 has beer on other side, rule is false)
Expected Utility Approach
assumes people are rational, and will pick the decision that results in most benefit
Expected emotions
emotions people will feel basd on a particular outcome
Risk aversion
make decisions that avoid risk
