chapter 12

Question 1

Problem

Answer 1

obstacle between present state and goal state

Question 2

Gestalt Approach

Answer 2

Centeral idea: sucess in solving a problem is influenced by how it is represented in a persons mind
1) How people represent problems in their mind
2) How solving a problem involves reorganization or restructuring

Question 3

Restructuring

Answer 3

changing problems representation (e.g Crossword)

Question 4

Insight

Answer 4

sudden realization of a problems solution

Question 5

Metcalfe +Wiebe

Answer 5

Experiment designed to distinguish between insight and non insight problems
Found that participants who work on non insight problems can tell when they are getting close to a solution

Question 6

Candle Problem

Answer 6

-presented participants with materials with the task of mounting the candle on the wall (candle, match box, tacks)
-particpants found this task difficult because of functional fixedness,

Question 7

Functional Fixedness

Answer 7

-effect that occurs when people have specific ideas of an objects function

Question 8

Information Processing Approach

Answer 8

studying mind based on insights of a digital computer “Search” between posing of a problem and its solution

Question 9

Newell and Simon:

Answer 9

Tower of Hanoi

Question 10

Inital State

Answer 10

conditions in beginning of the problem

Question 11

Goal state

Answer 11

solution of the problem

Question 12

Operators

Answer 12

Moves that can be made toward problems and solution

Question 13

Intermediate State

Answer 13

condition between initial state and goal (while you are making moves/operators)

Question 14

Problem Space

Answer 14

all possible states

Question 15

Means end analysis

Answer 15

problem solving that seeks to reduce the difference between inital and goal states

Question 16

Analogical Problem solving

Answer 16

the use of analogies as an aid to solving problem

Question 17

Target problem and Source problem

Answer 17

what one is trying to solve and problem that shares similarties in a way to solve target problem (in regard to analogical problem solving)

Question 18

Dunkers Radiation Problem

Answer 18

• Involve finding a way to destroy a tumor with radiation ray without damaging any other organs
  After showing an analogous story (fortress) more participants were able to understand the radiations solution

Question 19

Steps to Analogical Problem Solving

Answer 19

1) Noting relationship- between source problem and target
2) Mapping- map corresponding elements
3) Apply- generate parallel solution to the problem

Question 20

Contingency Strategy

Answer 20

negotiating strategy in which a person gets what he or she wants if something else happens

Question 21

Experts; Chase and Simon (1973)

Answer 21

• Chass master is better at remembering and reproducing actual game positions
  No better at remembering random game positions shown before asked to reposition

Question 22

Experts: Chi et al (1981)

Answer 22

• presented 24 physics problems to a group of experts (physics professors) and novices (students with one semester of physics) and asked them to sort the problems into groups based on their similarities
• Shown that novices used surface features
• And experts used structural features

Question 23

Expert Issue

Answer 23

Not good when flexible thinking is needed

Question 24

Divergent Thinking

Answer 24

thinking that is open ended, involving a large number of possible solutions

Question 25

Practical creativity

Answer 25

ability to apply creative thinking skills to real world problems to discover solutions

Question 26

Generation (problem solving)

Answer 26

too much knowledgecan inhibit problem solving

Question 27

Nine dot problem:

Answer 27

requires insight to restructure or break out of fixedness because most people see the problem as a square that cannot be drawn outside of

Question 28

Chi and Synder (nine dot)

Answer 28

Used TMS to disrupt anteriortemporal lobe activity. Placed cathodal electrode over ATL activity and anodal electrode over right ATL

Question 29

What happend to participants in Chi and Synders W( TMS)

Answer 29

When they did this 40% of participants were able to solve the nine-dot problem. Which match percent who told they can draw outside the box

Question 30

Insight solutions and non insight solutions in the brain;

Answer 30

Insight solutions: followed activity increase in the frontal lobe Non insight solutions: followed activity increase in the occipital lobe

Question 31

Default Mode Network "mind wander"

Answer 31

-day dreaming, helps plan for the future

Question 32

Incubation: DMN

Answer 32

problem can be solved after taking time off from it and it may help generate ideas

Question 33

Alternate uses task

Answer 33

participants did better at a task after 12 minute incubation period that involved an easy task that had them in DMN or mind wandering rather than hard task that took a lot of their attention, proving DMN helps generate ideas.

Question 34

Executive Control Network

Answer 34

directing or regulating attention as a person is carrying out a task

Question 35

Executive Control Network and Creativity

Answer 35

- May direct attention from unoriginal responses, so better ones can be explored

Question 36

Volitional Daydreaming

Answer 36

the act of consciously choosing to disengage from external tasks in order to pursue an internal stream of thought that might have a positive outcome

Question 37

Open monitoring meditation

Answer 37

Involves paying attention to whatever comes to mind and follow this thought until something else comes along

Question 38

Draw out The problem space of states of information processing approach

Answer 38

drawww

Question 39

Mental Set

Answer 39

preconceived notion about how to approach a problem based on a persons experience or what has worked in the past

Question 40

Basadur Problem Solving Stages (4 Stages.. 2 parts)

Answer 40

- Problem Generation (problem finding, fact finding) - Problem Formulation (problem definition, idea finding) - Problem solving (evaluation, planning) - Solution implementation (selling idea, taking action)

Question 41

Creative cognition

Answer 41

train people to think creatively