Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What are alkenes?

A

They are unsaturated hydrocarbons. (When naming, give the double bond the lowest number)

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2
Q

What is a pi-bond and briefly explain the formation?

A

Two regions of electron density above and below a sigma bond. Each C has 4 electrons, so when 3 bond, 1 is left free in a p-orbital. The sideways overlap of p-orbitals creates a pi-bond.

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3
Q

What does a pi-bond restrict?

A

Rotation around carbon atoms in double bond. Alkanes do not have this restriction as of all single (sigma bonds)

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4
Q

What is E/Z isomerism?

A

Type of stereoisomerism which only occurs with a C=C bond as pi-bond restricts rotation + when there are 2 different groups attached to each C of the C=C bond. E is for diff. sides, Z is for the same side.

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5
Q

With E/Z isomerism, if there are different groups on the same side of the C=C, what gets priority?

A

The atoms with the highest atomic number get priority. If the high priorities are on the top for both sides it’s a Z. Visa versa.

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6
Q

What is cis/trans isomerism?

A

When there is a C=C bond, two diff. groups on each C, but one of the attached groups on each C must be the same. Cis is same side, trans is different side.

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7
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

A

The pi-electrons are more exposed than the σ-electrons as they’re on the outside, so the pi-bond requires less energy to break.

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8
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

Alkene + Hydrogen in presence of nickel catalyst –> alkanes. e.g to turn oils into spreadables.

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9
Q

What is addition with hydrogen halides?

A

Alkene + gaseous hydrogen halides at room temp –> haloalkanes. e.g ethene +HBr -> bromoethane.

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10
Q

What is hydration?

A

Alkene + steam in presence of phosphoric acid catalyst –> alcohols.

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11
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

An atom/group of atoms attracted to an electron-rich centre (e.g a pi-bond).

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12
Q

Describe the process of electrophilic addition with HBr.

A

HBr is polar as Br is more electronegative, so the electron pair in pi-bond is attracted to the δ+ H. H-Br bond breaks by heterolytic fission and electron pair goes to δ- Br atom. A bromide ion and carbocation intermediate form, which react together to form the addition product. (use curly arrows).

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13
Q

What is Markownikoff’s rule?

A

If it is an unsymmetrical alkene, the major product of electrophilic addition forms via the most stable carbocation intermediate. Stability increases with the more alkyl groups added to the +ive C atom. (Primary=1, secondary=2 etc)

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14
Q

Describe the halogenation reaction mechanism with Br-Br.

A

Bromine is non-polar, so when it approaches the alkene, the pi-electrons induce a dipole in the Br molecule, breaking the Br-Br bond by heterolytic fission with the electron pair going to the δ- Br atom. A bromide ion and carbocation intermediate form, which react to form the addition product.

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15
Q

What is halogenation?

A

Alkenes + halogens at room temp –> dihaloalkenes.

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16
Q

What is a polymer and addition polymerisation?

A

Polymer = many monomers joined together to form a long chain.
Addition polymerisation = unsaturated molecules become a polymer with single bonds.

17
Q

As many alkene-based polymers are non-biodegradable due to lack of reactivity, what are the 3 methods of recycling?

A
  1. Recycling - conserves fossil fuels, decreases landfill waste, but costly to sort by hand and can contain mixtures.
  2. PVC recycling - releases toxic HCl + dioxins when burnt. Solvents used to dissolve it. PVC is then recovered by precipitation and solvent is reused.
  3. Feedstock recycling - reclaiming monomers from waste polymers to use them in production of new polymers.
18
Q

Other than recycling, how else can we remove alkene-based polymers?

A

Can be incinerated to produce heat, generating steam to power turbines producing electricity.

19
Q

What are bioplastics?

A

Plastics made from plant based materials. Renewable and sustainable.

20
Q

What does bio/photodegradable mean?

A

Biodegradable - broken down by bacteria into water, CO2 and biological compounds.
Photodegradable - contain bonds which are weakened by absorbing UV (light).