chapter 13 Flashcards
Perspective Taking
crucial for developing self-concept based on personality traits
What do children use to evaluate actual self?
an ideal self
What four broad self-evaluations do children use in middle childhood for self-esteem?
-academic competence
-social competence
-physical/athletic competence
-physical appearance
What are the other influences on self-esteem?
-cultural values
-gender-stereotyped beliefs
-child-rearing practices
-achievement-related attributions
What are the differences between the achievement-related attributions of master-oriented and learned helplessness?
-master-oriented: attribution of success to ability, incremental view of ability (can be improved), focus on learning goals
-learned helplessness: attribution of failure to ability and success to luck, fixed view of ability (can’t change), focus on performance goals
How do many kids in middle childhood develop biased attitudes? What are ways of reducing prejudice?
-develop biased attitudes when authority figures confer status distinctions
-ways to reduce prejudice: intergroup contact, long-term social contact with others, view traits as changeable
Know the categories of peer acceptance
popular, rejected, controversial, neglected, average
What is a major concern of lesbian/gay parents?
their children will be stigmatized by parents’ sexual orientation
What are the immediate and long-term consequences of parental divorce?
-immediate: instability, conflict, drop in income, parental stress
-long-term: improved adjustment after two years, more problems with children with difficult temperaments, affected by father’s involvement
What are four ways of helping families through divorce?
-divorce mediation
-parent education programs
-joint custody
-child support
What is the most common type of blended family?
mother-stepfather
What are the benefits and drawbacks of maternal employment and child development?
-benefits: higher-self-esteem, positive family and peer relations, fewer gender stereotypes, better grades, more father involvement
-drawbacks: less time for children, risk of ineffective parenting
What types of support are needed for employed parents and their families?
-father’s participation in child-rearing responsibilities
-part-time work or flexible schedules
-job sharing
-on-site childcare
-paid leave when children are ill
-equal pay and employment opportunities for women
