Chapter 13

Question 1

Describe the 4 methods of contraception using periodic abstinence

Answer 1

Rhythm method - egg avail for fertilization during short period, avoid sex 4 days before and after ovulation
Temperature method - body temp each morning to determine ovulation more accurately, ovulation is sharp drop in body temp
Mucus method - ovulation occurs, mucus is detected, clearer, stickier
Sympto-thermal method - combination of rhythm method, temp and mucus method.

Question 2

What is lactational Amenorrhoea

Answer 2

temporary infertility following birth of child, women not menstruating and is breastfeeding - affects production of hormones so ovulation is suppressed. Baby must be less than 6 months for contraception to work

Question 3

What is coitus interruptus

Answer 3

Removal of penis from vagina before ejaculation so semen does not enter cervix - most ineffective method

Question 4

Describe mechanical barriers for contraception

Answer 4

Condom
Diaphragm - thin rubber cap fitting across top of vagina.
Cervical cap - fits directly over cervix
Female condom - sheath that lines vagina

Question 5

What are spermicides

Answer 5

Creams, tablets or aerosol foam containing substance that immobilizes and destroys sperm. Reacts with moisture in vagina to form bubbles of CO2 gas, presenting physical barrier to sperm. Unreliable when used alone, works well with other mechanical barriers

Question 6

Explain how a combined pill works as a contraceptive device

Answer 6

Pill contains substance similar to estrogen and progesterone. Prevents release of mature eggs, cervical mucus become thick and sticky, hard for sperm to travel, alters lining of uterus so so less receptive to implantation of embryo

Question 7

Explain how the mini pill works as a contraceptive device

Answer 7

Only contains progesterone substitute, males cervical mucus thicker so sperm cannot enter uterus, changes lining of uterus so fertilized egg cannot implant

Question 8

Describe how hormone implants work

Answer 8

Implanon NXT is soft plastic stick slowly releasing progesterone into body - provides contraception up to 3 years

Question 9

Describe how a vaginal ring works

Answer 9

Soft, plastic ring placed in vagina, releases low doses of progesterone and estrogen. Left in 3 weeks, out 1 week. Hormones prevent ovulation, mucus in cervix thickens, changes lining of uterus so implantation cannot occur

Question 10

Describe the ongoing hormonal contraception for men development

Answer 10

Implant of testosterone placed under skin every 4 months, progesterone injected every 3 months - prevents sperm production

Question 11

Describe a hormonal IUD (Mirena)

Answer 11

Plastic frame with core slowly releasing progesterone hormone levonorgestrel. Makes endometrium thin and unsuitable for implantation, stimulates cervix to produce thick mucus

Question 12

Describe copper IUDs

Answer 12

Plastic frame with copper sleeves. Inhibits movement of sperm, causes changes to endometrium, can be used as emergency contraceptive device up to 5 days after unprotected sex, effective up to 10 years

Question 13

Explain how the emergency contraceptive pill (ECP) or the-morning-after-pill works

Answer 13

Tablet containing progesterone, most effective within first 72 hours of unprotected sex, prevents or delays ovulation, prevents sperm from reaching egg, prevents implantation of embryo.

Question 14

Explain how a vasectomy works

Answer 14

Removal of small piece of each vas deferens. Small cut made in scrotum, vas deferens cut, cut ends sealed with heat.

Question 15

Explain how a tubal ligation works

Answer 15

Small incision made in abdomen, fallopian tubes located, tube cut, piece removed, ends sealed.

Question 16

What is a laparoscope

Answer 16

Instrument used to crush section of uterine tubes by using metal clips.

Question 17

What is a castration and a oophorectomy

Answer 17

removal of testes - removal of ovaries.
Affects balance of reproductive hormones, sex drive, body characteristics.

Question 18

Why is chlamydia called the silent infection.

Answer 18

Infected people show no symptoms, aware they are infected

Question 19

Where does a chlamydia infection take place

Answer 19

By genital contact, the bacteria chlamydia trachomatis, lives within human cells, this makes it hard to isolate

Question 20

Describe non-specific urethritis (NSU), a type of chlamydia infection

Answer 20

infection of the urethra in men, symptoms include yellow mucus discharge from penis, burning sensation when passing urine, can be caused by chlamydia trachomatis

Question 21

What is epididymitis

Answer 21

Infection of the epididymis caused by non-specific urethritis, causes pain and swelling of the epididymis, potentially lead to infertility

Question 22

What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Answer 22

Inflammation of organs in the pelvic region like uterus and uterine tubes. Inflammation may lead to blockage of scar tissue and therefore infertility.

Question 23

What is an ectopic pregnancy

Answer 23

Implantation occurs outside the main cavity of the uterus. Can be result of PID.70% chance chlamydia will pass on to child. Lead to conjunctivitis, pneumonia, throat, nose infections

Question 24

What is Gonorrhoea

Answer 24

Infectious disease affecting mucus membranes of excretory and reproductive systems, the rectum, eyes, throat. Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Question 25

Name symptoms of Gonorrhoea

Answer 25

Males - inflammation of urethra, burning feeling, pain when urinating, yellow pus discharge, permanent constriction, spreading to other organs
Females - no early symptoms, pus taken to be normal discharge, can spread to ovaries or abdomen, permanent blockage of oviducts, infertility

Question 26

What is syphilis and symptoms

Answer 26

Infection of treponema pallidum.