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Human Bio > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the primary sex organs and their function

A

Gonads produce gametes; testes in males, ovaries in females

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2
Q

What is the scrotum

A

The skin-covered pouch holding the testicles

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3
Q

Why is the testes outside the body cavity

A

Sperm production requires a temperature 2 degrees lower than normal body temp

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4
Q

What are lobules and seminiferous tubules

A

Lobules contain the seminiferous tubules. Seminiferous tubules are tightly coiled duct where sperm is produced.

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5
Q

What is the epididymis and it’s function

A

A highly folded tubule behind the testis in which sperm mature

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6
Q

What is the vas deferens

A

the duct that carries sperm away from the testis. Wraps around the bladder

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7
Q

What 3 glands make up the semen that nourish the sperm

A

The seminal vesicles, the prostate gland and the bulbourethral gland

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8
Q

What are the seminal vesicles

A

pouch-like organs located behind the bladder. It secretes a think fluid made of sugar that makes up 60% of semen

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9
Q

What is the prostate gland

A

where the two vasa deferentia join the urethra. It surrounds the urethra just below the bladder. It secretes a thin, milky,
alkaline fluid that also becomes part of the semen.

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10
Q

What are the bulbourethral glands

A

located beneath the prostate on either side of the urethra. secrete clear mucus that makes up a small amount of the semen

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11
Q

How does the erectile tissue work

A

Contains sponge-like spaces that fill with blood during sexual arousal

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12
Q

What is the stroma

A

The tissue that composed the ovaries

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13
Q

What are germ cells and the follicle

A

Germ cells are cells in the ovary that can develop into ova. The follicle is the secretory gland. As follicles mature, they move to the surface of the ovary and rupture.

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14
Q

What are fallopian tubes

A

tubes connecting the ovaries to the uterus that carry ova.

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15
Q

What are fimbriae

A

Finger-like projections lining the opening of the ovary. They guide the egg to the uterine tube. Cilia also line the tube to guide the eggs

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16
Q

What is the endometrium

A

The soft mucous membrane lining the walls of the uterus

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17
Q

What is the hymen

A

A fold of tissue partially covering the opening of the vagina - may be torn during first sexual intercourse

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18
Q

What makes up the vulva

A

Labia majora - two fleshly folds of skin containing glands that secrete oils
labia minora - lie between labia majora, lack hair and fat
Clitoris - contains erectile tissue, blood vessels and nerves, sensitive to touch

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19
Q

What is the process of gamete development called and it’s two types called.

A

gametogenesis; spermatogenesis for sperm and oogenesis for ova

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20
Q

What is and where does spermatogenesis occur

A

Inside the seminiferous tubules of each testis. It’s the maturation of spermatids into sperm

21
Q

What are spermatogonia

A

Immature cells lining the seminiferous tubules. After puberty, they divide continuously by mitosis to provide new cells for the production of sperm

22
Q

What are primary spermatocytes

A

Daughter cells of spermatogonia (mitosis) that are moved towards the center of the tubules where they undergo a period of growth and become enlarged

23
Q

What are secondary spermatocytes

A

Primary spermatocytes like spermatogonia undergo the first meiotic division to form secondary spermatocytes

24
Q

What are spermatids

A

Daughter cells of secondary spermatocytes from the second meiotic division. Four spermatids are produced; they mature into sperm in the epididymis

25
Q

Why do sperm have a short life span

A

The cytoplasm surrounding the mitochondria is thin so there is little nourishment to facilitate the production of energy. Their main source of nourishment is the semen

26
Q

What are oogonia

A

The cells in the ovaries that produce primary oocytes by mitosis

27
Q

What are primary oocytes

A

oogonia that have undergone growth. They begin prophase I but stop the process so during birth they are still at this stage. They are surrounded by cells called primary follicle

28
Q

When does the primary oocyte complete it’s meiotic division

A

When the female hits puberty and the follicle grows and matures. The primary oocyte within it then completes first meiotic division giving rise to two daughter cells; the secondary oocyte and the first polar body

29
Q

where do the secondary oocyte and the first polar body come from and distinguish between them

A

Comes from first meiotic division of an oocyte. Secondary oocytes inherits most of the cytoplasm and immediately commences second meiotic division but stops at metaphase; ovulation occurs here. 2nd meiotic division can occur giving rise to unequal daughter cells; larger one > develops into ovum, smaller one is second polar body. First polar body receives little cytoplasm and can undergo second meiotic division to two more polar bodies however they disintegrate.

30
Q

How many sex cells does spermatogenesis and oogenesis make

A

spermatogenesis - 4, oogenesis - 1

31
Q

What are the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland that affect the gonads called and what are the two types.

A

gonadotropic hormones. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), stimulates development and maturation of ovarian follicle, which secretes estrogen. Can also stimulate seminiferous tubule to produce sperm. Luteinizing hormone (LH), promotes maturation of ovarian follicle, ovulation and formation of corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone and estrogen. Also stimulates cells in the testis to secrete testosterone.

32
Q

What is the function of prolactin and oxytocin

A

Prolactin is important for the preparation and maintenance of milk production in the breasts. Oxytocin causes uterine contraction, promotes milk movement and has a role in the movement of sperm and production of testosterone.

33
Q

Why is testosterone important

A

Development of immature sperm cells into spermatozoa and has major role in maintenance of male reproductive organs and sex drive

34
Q

Summarize the development primary oocytes undergo during the first half of the ovarian cycle

A

cells forming walls of primary follicle enlarge and divide creating layer of cells around oocyte. These cells secrete fluid that fill the space and forces the oocyte to the edge of the follicle. now called a secondary follicle. Moves towards surface of the ovary. Produces bulge and is now a mature follicle.

35
Q

Describe the hormonal changes that occur approximately half way through the ovarian cycle

A

Follicles release estrogen, and low levels of progesterone. Estrogen levels are high enough to stimulate spike in FSH and LH. LH causes ovulation of most mature follicle, while other follicles degenerate, releasing estrogen.

36
Q

What is spermiogenesis

A

The maturation of spermatids in the seminiferous tubules

37
Q

Name the 3 main roles of testosterone

A

development of male genitalia in embryo, sexual characteristics in puberty (sperm production, body hair, muscles, deep voice), maintains sex drive and sperm production.

38
Q

Describe what happens at ovulation

A

a mature follicle ruptures, releases an egg into the uterine tubules and the egg travels to the uterus by cilia and fimbriae. The ruptures follicle collapses, blood within forms clot and is absorbed by remaining follicle cells, follicle turns cream color and is now the corpus luteum.

39
Q

What is the corpus luteum and it’s role

A

The remnant of a ruptured follicle turned cream-colored. It’s role is to secrete estrogen and progesterone. Progesterone influences development of the endometrium and inhibits the release of FSH and LH, which prevent other follicles from developing. It degenerates if fertilization has not occurred into mass called corpus albicans (eventually disappears). New ovarian cycle begins due to reduced progesterone and estrogen

40
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs

A

Continues to develop and ovarian cycle ceases. Maintained by human chorionic
gonadotropin (HCG), hormone produced by placenta. Corpus luteum slowly degenerates when placenta can generate estrogen and progesterone.

41
Q

What is menstruation

A

The periodic discharge of
blood and tissue fluid due to the breakdown of the lining of the uterus; made of broken down capillaries, mucous secretions and cell debris.

42
Q

Describe major stages of the menstrual cycle

A

Menstruation - Bleeding, shedding of the endometrium.
Preovulation - endometrial repair begins, development of ovarian follicle, uterine lining thickens.
Ovulation - Rupture of mature follicle, egg released
Secretion - Secretion of watery mucus by glands of endometrium, cervix and uterine tubes; movement and breakdown of unfertilized egg; development of corpus luteum
Pre-menstruation - degeneration of corpus luteum, deterioration of endometrium

43
Q

What is a women’s first period called

A

menarche

44
Q

describe secondary sexual characteristics

A

Caused by sex hormones at puberty. females - breasts, wider hips, enlarged pelvic bone, deposition of fat, body hair. Males - body hair, muscle growth, larger larynx so deeper voice

45
Q

What is the role of hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).

A

Targets the corpus luteum for maintenance during early stages of pregnancy

46
Q

What is the role of the luteinizing hormone

A

Stimulates secretion of testosterone, estrogen and progesterone

47
Q

What is the role of oxytocine from the pituitary gland.

A

Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus, promotes contraction of muscle cells surrounding breast lobules.

48
Q

What is the role of progesterone

A

Uterus - maintenance of endometrium.
Breasts - development of milk-secreting glands.
Placenta - development and maintenance of placenta.

49
Q

What happens to FSH and LH levels as estrogen increases

A

FSH decreases and LH increases

Human Bio (6 decks)

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