Chapter 13

Question 1

What is AI?

Answer 1

Related technologies trying to simulate and reproduce human thought behavior

Question 2

What does computers require which AI can provide?

Answer 2

Knowledge
Perception
Reasoning
Understanding
Cognitive abilities

Question 3

What must computers be able to do to achieve AI?

Answer 3

-Understand common sense
-Understand facts and manipulate qualitative data
-Deal with exceptions and discontinuity
-Interact with humans in their own language
-Deal with new situations based on past learning

Question 4

How does AI support decision making?

Answer 4

Computers used to do the following analyses:
-What is? (What happened in the past)
-What if? (What are possible outcomes based on inputs)

Now extending to more intuitive questions
-Why?
-What could we possibly do differently?
-How to fix it?
-When?

Question 5

What is robotics?

Answer 5

Not intelligent (yet)
Good at repetitive tasks
Usually very specialised (sorting, manufacturing)

Question 6

What are the advantages of robotics?

Answer 6

Not emotional
Consistent
Work in hazardous environments
No HR issues
Works 24/7

Question 7

What are soft robots?

Answer 7

-Not conventional hard materials
-Useful in certain fields (Picking fruit, dealing with humans)

Question 8

What are expert systems

Answer 8

-mimic human expertise
-in specific where humans solved problems in the past
(Identifying illnesses, granting credit)

Question 9

What are the components of an expert system?

Answer 9

Knowledge acquisition facility
Incorporates new rules and knowledge
Facilitates growth

Knowledge database
Similar to database
Includes rules

Heuristic knowledge
Rules related to the problem

Explanation facility
Explains answer to end-users

Question 10

What are the uses of expert systems?

Answer 10

• Information management
• Help desks management
• Employee performance evaluation
• Loan analysis
• Warehouse optimization
• Planning and scheduling
• The configuration of manufactured objects
• Financial decision making
• Process monitoring and control
• Supervise the operation of the plant and controller
• Airline scheduling & cargo schedules

Question 11

When are Expert Systems used?

Answer 11

• Lots of human expertise needed
  But difficult for one person to know it all
• Knowledge must be representable as rules
• Humans must be able to perform tasks already
• Must be standardized issue with solutions
• Limited in scope (domain)
• Must involve many rules
• Shortage of human experts

Question 12

What is case-based reasoning?

Answer 12

New problems solved looking at previous solutions to similar problems

-Retrieve past cases
-Reuse solutions
-Revise cases and solutions
-Retain new solution for future use

Question 13

What are Intelligent Agents?

Answer 13

-Bots / Virtual agents / Intelligent virtual agents
-Appears to be able to reason
-Follows a rules-based process

Question 14

What are the characteristics of Intelligent agents?

Answer 14

Adaptable
Autonomous
Collaborative
Humanlike interface
Mobile (between platforms)
Reactive

Question 15

What are some examples of Intelligent agents?

Answer 15

-Shopping agents
Pricecheck.co.za

-Personal agents
Gmail’s suggested responses to emails
Android’s suggested responses to SMS’s

-Data-mining agents

-Siri/Alexa/Google Assistant

Question 16

What is Fuzzy Logic?

Answer 16

Life isn’t binary
There are ranges and ambiguities
Fuzzy logic work on “degrees of membership”
Appears intelligent
Variety of complexities included in decision or result

Question 17

What is machine learning?

Answer 17

Knowledge is gained through experience
Computer teaches itself based on experience

Artificial neural networks works on pattern recognition

-Fraud detection
-Opportunity identification
-Speech recognition
-Disease identification

Question 18

What are genetic algorithms?

Answer 18

-Used to find solutions to optimization and search problems
-Form of artificial intelligence
-Concepts of survival of the fittest and mutation

Question 19

What is natural language processing?

Answer 19

Communicating with computers in “human” language
-Siri, Alexa

-Analyses text
-Creating documentation or reports (e.g. news paper articles)
-Asking “natural” questions, e.g. “who had the most sales in December” instead of manually doing the filters and reports
-Real time translation or transcription

Question 20

What do AI and Decision support systems do?

Answer 20

• Decision support systems (DSS’s) benefit from different forms of AI
• Improved decisions
• Identify new opportunities and relationships
• More natural interaction through natural language processing

Question 21

What is Contextual Computing?

Answer 21

User context is used to provide services and information
-location based
-reminders of events

Set to keep on growing
-personalised experiences

Question 22

what are the advantages of Robotic Process Automation?

Answer 22

-Cost effective
-Improved accuracy and quality
-Consistency
-Improved analytics
-Increased employee productivity
-Increased customer satisfaction
-Speed
-Reconcile multiple systems
-Versatile

Question 23

What are the disadvantages of AI and Automation?

Answer 23

Job losses
High initial investment costs
Lack of expertise to implement

Question 24

What is the framework of ethical issues of AI?

Answer 24

Framework:
Define AI goals

Define complexity of the problem
The more complex, the more likely AI to fail

Determine stability of environment
Instability could lead to AI failure

Define bias. Guard against bias

Determine level of human involvement

Question 25

What are the Ethical Issues of AI?

Answer 25

• AI bias: (Gender/Race)
• Failure: (can we trust the answers)
• AI will lead to increased wealth inequality
• How will humans react
• Unemployment