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Embryology (Langman's) > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

Clinical Correlates only

1
Q

The vascular system appears in the middle of the what week?

a. 2nd
b. 3rd
c. 4th
d. 5th

A

B

The vascular system appears in the middle of the third week, when the embryo is no longer able to satisfy its nutritional requirements by diffusion alone

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2
Q

These cells lie in the epiblast, immediately adjacent to the cranial end of the primitive streak

A

Progenitor heart cells

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3
Q

A horseshoe-shaped cluster of cells cranial to the neural folds forming portions of the atria and the entire left ventricle

A

Primary heart field (PHF)

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4
Q

The right ventricle and outflow tract (conus cordis and truncus arteriosus) are derived from the

A

Secondary heart field (SHF)

also contributes cells to formation of the atria at the caudal end of the heart

These cells resides in the visceral (splanchnic) mesoderm ventral
to the pharynx

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5
Q

Progenitor heart cells migrate through the primitive streak on approximately day

A

Day 16 of gestation

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6
Q

True or False

The laterality of SHF is determined by the same signaling pathway that establishes laterality for the entire embryo

A

True

This explains the spiraling nature of the pulmonary artery and aorta and ensures that the aorta exits from the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle.

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7
Q

The process of formation of blood cells and vessels

A

Vasculogenesis

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8
Q

Blood islands unite and form a horseshoe-shaped endothelial-lined tube surrounded by myoblasts. This region is known as

A

Cardiogenic region

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9
Q

intraembryonic (primitive body) cavity
over the cardiogenic region later develops into the

A

pericardial cavity

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10
Q

Refers to the pair of longitudinal vessels

A

Dorsal aortae

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11
Q

a key molecule in initiating the pathway of laterality. This is concentrated on the left side of the embryo

A

Serotonin [5-HT]

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12
Q

Serotonin signals this transcription factor that restricts the Nodal expression to the left

A

MAD3

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13
Q

The master gene for the left sidedness

A

PITX2

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14
Q

This period is critical for heart development and individuals with laterality defects

A

Days 16 to 18

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15
Q

A laterality defect where the both the aorta and pulmonary artery exit the right ventricle

A

Double outlet right ventricle

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16
Q

Refers to a right sided heart

A

Dextocardia

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17
Q

A laterality defect wherein both atria or both
ventricles have similar characteristics instead
of the normal left—right differences

A

Atrial and ventricular isomerisms

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18
Q

A laterality defect wherein the characteristics of the atria or ventricles are reversed

A

atrial and ventricular inversions

19
Q

These are antidepressants that have been linked by epidemiology studies to an increase in heart defects

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor

Mechanism: SSRI disrupts 5-HT signaling

20
Q

A fold of mesodermal tissue derived from the SHF

A

dorsal mesocardium

21
Q

With further development, the middle section of the dorsal mesocardium disappears, creating the

A

transverse pericardial sinus (connects
both sides of the pericardial cavity)

22
Q

A layer of extracellular matrix rich in hyaluronic acidsecreted by the thickened myocardium

A

Cardiac jelly

23
Q

Cells from this structure proliferate and migrate over the surface of the myocardium to form the epicardial layer (epicardium) of the heart

A

Proepicardial organ

The formation of this organ occurs in the mesenchymal cells located at the caudal border of the dorsal mesocardium

24
Q

The three layers of the heart

A

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium or visceral pericardium

25
Q

The layer of the heart forming its internal endothelial lining

A

Endocardium

26
Q

which layer forms the muscular wall of the heart

A

Myocardium

27
Q

It covers the outside of the heart tube

A

epicardium or visceral pericardium

28
Q

This outer layer of the heart is responsible for the formation of the coronary arteries, including their endothelial lining and smooth muscle

A

epicardium or visceral pericardium

29
Q

True or False.

The lengthening process of the heart tube is essential for normal formation of the left ventricle and the outflow tract region (conus cordis and truncus arteriosus that form part of the aorta and pulmonary artery and for the looping process.

A

False.

The lengthening process of the heart tube is essential for normal formation of the right ventricle

30
Q

As the outflow tract lengthens, the cardiac
tube begins to bend on day

A

23

The cephalic portion of the tube bends ventrally, caudally, and to the right and the atrial (caudal) portion shifts dorsocranially and to the left.

This bending, which may be due to cell shape changes, creates the cardiac loop

31
Q

Cardiac tube bending is completed by day

A

28

32
Q

What portion forms the common atrium and is incorporated into the pericardial cavity

A

Atrial portion

33
Q

This junction remains narrow and forms the atrioventricular canal

A

Atrioventricular junction

34
Q

This canal connects the common atrium and the early embryonic ventricle

A

Atrioventricular canal

35
Q

The bulbus cordis is narrow except for its

a. proximal third
b. proximal half
c. distal third
d. distal half

A

A

36
Q

The proximal third of the bulbus cordis will form the trabeculated part of which ventricle

a. left
b. right

A

Right

37
Q

The midportion of bulbus cordis that form the outflow tracts of both ventricles

A

conus cordis

38
Q

The distal part of the bulbus that form the roots and proximal portion of the aorta and pulmonary artery

A

truncus arteriosus

39
Q

The junction between the ventricle and the bulbus cordis is externally indicated by

A

bulboventricular sulcus

40
Q

The junction between the ventricle and the bulbus cordis is called

A

primary interventricular foramen

41
Q

Which of the following best describes the organization of the cardiac loops by region

a. the cardiac tube is organized by regions
along its craniocaudal axis from the conotruncus to the left ventricle to the right ventricle to the atrial region respectively

b. the cardiac tube is organized by regions
along its craniocaudal axis from the conotruncus to the right ventricle to the left ventricle to the atrial region respectively

A

B

42
Q

When looping is completed, the primitive ventricle, which is now trabeculated, is called the

A

primitive left ventricle

43
Q

The trabeculated proximal third of the bulbus cordis is called

A

primitive right ventricle

Embryology (Langman's) (17 decks)

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