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Embryology (Langman's) > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

In general, the skeletal system develops from

A. paraxial
B. lateral plate (parietal layer) mesoderm
C. neural crest

A

AOTA

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2
Q

These are segmented series of tissue blocks on each side of the neural tube

A

Somitomeres (head region) and
somites (occipital region)

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3
Q

Somites differentiate into a ventromedial part the _____________, and a dorsolateral part the _____________

A

sclerotome; dermomyotome

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4
Q

At the end of the fourth week, sclerotome cells become polymorphous and form loosely organized tissue called

A

Mesenchyme

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5
Q

These cells may become fibroblasts, chondroblasts, or osteoblasts (bone-forming cells).

A

Mesenchyme cells

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6
Q

The process of bone differentiation among flat bones (e.g flat bones on the skull)

A

intramembranous ossification

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7
Q

hyaline cartilage models is ossified thru

a. intramembranous ossification
b. endochondral ossification

A

endochondral ossification

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8
Q

It forms the protective case around the brain

A

Neurocranium

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9
Q

Forms the skeleton of the face

A

Viscerocranium

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10
Q

The two portions of the neurocranium

A
  1. the membranous part, consisting of flat bones, which surround the brain as a vault
  2. the cartilaginous part, or chondrocranium, which forms bones of the base of the skull.
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11
Q

The membranous portion of the skull is derived from

A
  1. neural crest cells and
  2. paraxial mesoderm
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12
Q

Narrow seams of connective tissue that separate the flat bones of the skull at birth

A

Sutures

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13
Q

At points where more than two bones meet, sutures are wide and are called _______

A

Fontanelle

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14
Q

It is found where the two parietal and two frontal bones meet

A

Fontanelle

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15
Q

In most cases, the anterior fontanelle closes by ___ months of age, and the posterior fontanelle closes by _____ months of age.

A

18;
1 to 2

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16
Q

Those that lie in front of the rostral limit of the notochord, which ends at the level of the pituitary gland in the center of the sella turcica, are derived from neural crest cells. They form the _________________.

a. prechordal chondrocranium
b. chordal chondrocranium

A

prechordal chondrocranium

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17
Q

Those that lie posterior to arise from occipital sclerotomes formed by paraxial mesoderm and form the _____________

A

chordal chondrocranium

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18
Q

It consists of the bones of the face, and is formed mainly from the first two pharyngeal arches

A

Viscerocranium

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19
Q

The first pharyngeal arch of the viscerocranium gives rise to a dorsal portion, called the _______________.

A

maxillary process

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20
Q

The maxillary process give rise to the (3)

A
  1. maxilla
  2. the zygomatic bone, and
  3. part of the temporal bone
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21
Q

The ventral portion of the pharyngeal arch

A

Mandibular process

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22
Q

Mesenchyme around the Meckel cartilage condenses and ossifies by intramembranous ossification to give rise to the

a. mandible
b. maxilla

A

mandible

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23
Q

The Meckel cartilage disappears except in the _____________ ligament.

A

sphenomandibular

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24
Q

The dorsal tip of the mandibular process, along with that of the second pharyngeal arch, later gives rise to the _________, _________, and ________

A

incus, the malleus, and the stapes

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25
Q

Ossification of the three ossicle begins in the ________ month

A

fourth

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26
Q

The small appearance of the face is caused by

A
  1. virtual absence of the paranasal air sinuses
  2. the small size of the bones, particularly
    the jaws.
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27
Q

These cells are often target for teratogens

A

Neural Crest Cells

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28
Q

This defect arises when the cranial vault fails to form

A

cranioschisis

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29
Q

the cranial vault fails to form and brain tissue exposed to amniotic fluid degenerates, results to

A

Anencephaly

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30
Q

Cranioschisis is caused by

A

failure of the cranial neuropore to close

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31
Q

caused by premature closure of one
or more sutures

A

Craniosypnostosis

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32
Q

crest cells form the ____________.
paraxial mesoderm forms the _______ and the loose mesenchyme in the ________

A

frontal bones; parietal bones; coronal sutures

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33
Q

It encodes ephrin—B1, a ligand for EphB receptors that causes cells to repel each other

A

EFNB1

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34
Q

Loss of function mutations in EFNB1 causes

A

craniofrontonasal syndrome

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35
Q

This syndrome is characterized by coronal suture synostosis and hypertelorism

A

craniofrontonasal syndrome

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36
Q

these two transcription factors regulates the proliferation of neural crest cells in the frontal bones

A

MSX2 and TWIST1

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37
Q

Boston-type craniosynostosis is caused due to mutations in _______

A

MSX2

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38
Q

Mutations in TWIST1 cause ______ that is characterized by coronal suture synstosis and polydactyly

A

Saethre-Chotzen syndrom

39
Q

these receptors has three extracellular immunoglobulin domains and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that mediates signaling

A

Transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors

40
Q

these receptors are coexpressed in prebone and precartilage regions, including craniofacial structures

A

FGFR1 and FGFR2

41
Q

This receptor is expressed in the cartilage growth plates of long bones and in the occipital region

A

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3)

42
Q

This receptor increases proliferation

A

FGFR2

43
Q

Which receptor promotes osteogenic differentiation

a. FGFR1
b. FGFR2
c. FGFR3

A

FGFR1

44
Q

This is caused by early closure of the sagittal suture [57% of cases], resulting in frontal and occipital expansion, and the skull becomes long and narrow

A

Scaphocephaly

45
Q

Premature closure of the coronal sutures (20% to 25% of cases) results in a short skull called

A

Brachycephaly

46
Q

the coronal sutures close prematurely on one side only, resulting to an asymmetric flattening of the skull called

A

Plagiocephaly

47
Q

The most common cause of craniosynostosis are

A

genetic

48
Q

Other causes of craniosynostosis

A
  1. vitamin D deficiency;
  2. exposure to teratogens (DRVMC)(diphenylhydantoin, retinoids, valproic acid, methotrexate, and cyclophosphamide)
  3. intrauterine factors that
    constrain the fetus (oligohydramnios and multiple birth pregnancies)
49
Q

The most common form of skeletal dysplasia (1/20,000 live births) primarily affecting the long bones

A

Achondroplasia (ACH)

50
Q

Skeletal defects of Achondroplasia includes:

A. small skull
B. small midface
C. short fingers
D. accentuated spinal culrvature

A

B,C and D are correct plus large skull or megalocephaly

51
Q

ACH is inherited as an

a. autosomal dominant
b. autosomal recessive

A

A

52
Q

The most common neonatal lethal form of skeltal dysplasia (1/40,000 live births)

A

Thanatophoric dysplasia

53
Q

Thanatophoric dysplasia is
a. autosomal recessive
b. autosomal dominant

A

B. autosomal dominant for the two types of Thanatophoric dysplasia

54
Q

a type of Thanatophoric dysplasia that is characterized by short, curved femurs with or without cloverleaf skull

A

Type I

55
Q

Which type of Thanatophoric dysplasia is cahracterized by straight, relatively long femurs and severe cloverleaf skull caused by craniosynostosis

A

type II

56
Q

Another term for cloverleaf skull

A

kleeblattschadel

K-L-E-E-B-L-A-T-T-S-C-H-A-D-E-L

57
Q

It occurs when all of the sutures close prematurely, resulting in the brain growing through the anterior and sphenoid fontanelles

A

cloverleaf skull

58
Q

another autosomal dominant form of skeletal dysplasia, appears to be a milder type of ACH.

A

Hypochondroplasia

59
Q

Mutations in ________ causes abnormal endochondral bone formation

A

FGF3.
Long bones and the base of the skull are adversely affected

60
Q

An example of a generalized dysplasia of osseus and dental tissues that is characterized by late closure of the fontanelles and decreased mineralization of the cranial sutures resulting in bossing (enlargement) of the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones

A

Cleidocranial dysostosis

61
Q

caused by congenital hyperpituitarism and excessive production of growth
hormone.

A

Acromegaly

62
Q

characterized by disproportional
enlargement of the face, hands, and feet. sometimes it causes more symmetrical ex- cessive growth and gigantism

A

Acromegaly

63
Q

usually an abnormality in which the brain fails to grow and, as a result, the skull fails to expand

A

microcephaly

64
Q

Which part of the body form from the sclerotome portions of the somites

A

Vertebrae

65
Q

A typical vertebrae consists of :

a. vertebral arch
b. foramen
c. body
d. transverse processes
e. spinous process

A

AOTA

66
Q

In which week do the migration of the sclerotome cells around the spinal cord and notochord to merge with cells from the opposing somite on the other side of the neural tube occurs?

A

4th

67
Q

A process that occurs when the caudal half of each sclerotome grows into and fuses with the cephalic half of each subjacent sclerotome

A

Resegmentation

68
Q

Patterning of the shapes of the different vertebraae is regulated by which genes

A

HOX

69
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.
Mesenchymal cells between cephalic and caudal parts of the original sclerotome segment proliferate and fill the space between two precartilaginous vertebral bodies.

A

FALSE

Mesenchymal cells between cephalic and caudal parts of the original sclerotome segment do not proliferate but fill the space between two precartilaginous vertebral bodies.

In this way, they contribute to formation of the intervertebral disc

70
Q

As the vertebrae form, two primary curves of the spine are established which are the:

I. cervical curvatures
II. thoracic curvatures
III. lumbar curvatures
IV. sacral curvatures

a. I and III
b. II and III
c. III and IV
d. I and IV
e. II and IV

A

E

71
Q

secondary curvatures established during vertebral formation

A

Cervical and lumbar curvatures

72
Q

This curvature is established as the child learns to hold up his or her chain

A

Cervical curvature

73
Q

This curvature is fomed as the child learns to walk

A

Lumbar curvature

74
Q

two successive vertebrae fuse asymmetrically or have half a vertebra missing results to

A

Scoliosis (Lateral curving of the spine)

75
Q

In this sequence,the cervical vertebrae
are fused causing reduced mobility and a
short neck.

A

Klippel-Feil sequence

76
Q

This abnormality involves only the bony vertebral arches, leaving the spinal cord intact

A

cleft vertebra (spina bifida)

77
Q

In these cases, the bony defect is covered by skin, and no neurological deficits occur

A

spina bifida occulta

78
Q

A more severe abnormality in which the neural tube fails to close, vertebral arches fail to form and neural tissue is exposed

A

spina bifida cystica

79
Q

spina bifida can be prevented by providing mothers with

A

Folic acid

80
Q

Spina bifida can be detected prenatally by

A

ultrasound

81
Q

If neural tissue is exposed, ____________ can detect elevated levels of alpha fetoprotein in the amniotic fluid

A

Amniocentesis

82
Q

The bony portion of each rib is derived from

A

sclerotome cells

83
Q

Costal cartilages are formed by sclerotome cells that migrate across the

A. lateral somitic frontier
b. medial somitic frontier

A

A

84
Q

Which of the following statement is TRUE

A. The sternum develops independently in the parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm in the ventral body wall.

B. The sternum develops dependently in the parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm in the ventral body wall.

C. The sternum develops independently in the parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm in the dorsal body wall.

D. The sternum develops independently in the parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm in the dorsal body wall.

A

A

85
Q

Two sternal bands are formed in the
parietal (somatic) layer of lateral plate mesoderm on either side of the midline, and these later fuse to form cartilaginous models of the

A. manubrium,
B. sternebrae
C. Xiphoid process
D. NOTA
E. AOTA

A

E

86
Q

It occurs in approximately 1% of the population and are usually attached to the seventh cervical vertebra

A

Cervical ribs

87
Q

What blood vessels may be impinged due to cervical ribs?

A

Brachial plexus or subclavian artery

88
Q

a very rare defect and may be complete or located at either end of the sternum.

A

Cleft sternum

89
Q

This defect arises when the sternal ands fail to grow together in the midline

A

Cleft Sternum (Spina Bifida)

90
Q

Defects of the Sternum

It may also occur in infants with congenital heart defects

A

Hypoplastic ossification centers and premature fusion of sternal segments (20-50%)

91
Q

Defects of the Sternum

It occur in 6% to 20% of all children but are especially common in those with down syndrome

A

multiple manubrial ossification centers

92
Q

Refers to a depressed sternum that is sunken posteriorly

A

Pectus excavatum

93
Q

refers to a flattening of the chest bilaterally with an anteriorly projecting sternum

A

Pectus carinatum

Embryology (Langman's) (17 decks)

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