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Human A&P II > Chapter 13 & 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 & 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

83% of total brain mass, mushroom cap

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2
Q

gryi

A

the wrinkles
elevated ridges, “twisters”

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3
Q

sulci

A

shallow grooves “furrows”

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4
Q

medial longitudinal fissure

A

separates hemispheres

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5
Q

3 regions of hemisphere

A

cortex- outer, gray matter
white matter- internal
basal nuclei- islands of gray matter in white matter

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6
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

enables perception, communication, comprehension, voluntary movements = consciousness
consists of gray matter (neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons)

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7
Q

primary motor cortex

A

precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
motor homunculus (representative body regions where motor control is generated)
contralateral control- left motor cortex controls right side of body

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8
Q

motor homonculus

A

motor homunculus- representative body regions where motor control is generated (more control then more area) ex: fingers and mouth have the most control so they have the biggest motor homonculus

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9
Q

contralateral control

A

left motor cortex controls right side of body

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10
Q

stroke

A

contralateral loss of voluntary control

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11
Q

premotor cortex

A

behind precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
controls learned motor skills (repetitious like typing)

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12
Q

Broca’s area

A

anterior to inferior portion of premotor cortex
motor speech area- directs muscles of tongue, throat, lips

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13
Q

frontal eye field

A

anterior to premotor cortex, superior to Broca’s
controls voluntary movement of eyes

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14
Q

sensory areas

A

conscious awareness of sensation located in parietal, temporal, occipital lobes

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15
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
receives general sensory info and IDs body region = spatial discrimination
somatosensory homunculus- body represented by part, more sensitive then more area

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16
Q

somatosensory association area

A

posterior to primary somatosensory cortex
integrate and analyze different sensory inputs for evaluation
ex: reach in pocket and recognize quarter

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17
Q

visual area

A

primary visual cortex- extreme posterior tip of occipital lobe
largest of cortical areas
receives visual info from retinas

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18
Q

Visual association area

A

interprets stimuli using past visual experiences (recognition of face)

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19
Q

functional blindness

A

damage to primary visual cortex

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20
Q

comphrension blindness

A

damage to association area, can see but don’t understand

21
Q

auditory areas

A

primary auditory cortex- temporal lobe
receives info from inner ear related to sound

22
Q

auditory association area

A

perception of sound (talk, music), memory

23
Q

olfactory cortex

A

receives info from smell receptors in nasal cavity, travels to olfactory tracts (bulb)

24
Q

gustatory cortex

A

receives info from taste receptors of tongue

25
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

anterior portion of frontal lobes
intellect, cognition (learning), personality, judgement, reasoning
slowly develops in children (environment feedback)

26
Q

gnostic area

A

‘common intelligence’
parts of temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes
receives input from all association areas - integrates to understanding
“imbecile” - damage here, inability to interpret situation

27
Q

language areas

A

Wernicke’s area- posterior temporal lobes, speech area

28
Q

Parts of the Diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

29
Q

Thalamus

A

80% of diencephalon
relay station for sensory information/sends to appropriate area of sensory cortex or association area, “gateway”

30
Q

hypothalamus

A

“master gland”
below thalamus, caps brainstem, infundibulum and pituitary attached
main visceral control center

31
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

autonomic control center, emotional response and behavior, body temperature regulation, water balance and thirst, sleep cycles

32
Q

autonomic control center

A

heart rate, blood pressure, GI motility, pupil size

33
Q

emotional response and behavior

A

center of limbic system (pain, pleasure, fear)
psychosomatic illnesses and “emotion vs logic” here
ex: fear -> heightened rate rate, sweat

34
Q

body temperature regulation

A

thermoreceptors -> thermostat -> shiver (heat) / sweat (cool)

35
Q

water balance and thirst

A

osmoreceptors sense concentration of body fluid and release antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

36
Q

sleep cycles

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus = biological clock, adjust to light/dark cycles (epithalamus secretes melatonin = sleep inducer)

37
Q

Parts of the Brainstem

A

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata

38
Q

Midbrain

A

reflexes!
between diencephalon and pons
contain superior and inferior colliculi (corpora quadrigemina)
visual (tracking) and hearing (startle) reflex respectively
part of reticular formation which controls consciousness and serves as a sensory filter (99%) for cortex

39
Q

Pons

A

between midbrain and medulla oblongata = bridge
several cranial nerves exit to body from here
pneumotaxic center-helps regulate breathing rhythm

40
Q

medulla oblongata

A

most inferior part of brainstem
decussation - crossover of nerve tracts occurs here (contralateral)
rest of cranial nerves exit here
autonomic reflex centers include: cardiovascular and respiratory centers and reflexes such as vomiting, coughing, sneezing

41
Q

Cerebellum

A

“little brain” 11% of brain mass
coordinates voluntary movements by processing info from cerebral motor cortex, sensory receptors, visual and equilibrium pathways
“autonomic pilot” constantly comparing settings with actual course

42
Q

ataxia

A

lack coordination due to cerebellar damage (appear drunk)

43
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

must maintain close to constant environment, no fluctuations
ependymal cells of choroid plexus associated with each ventricle

43
Q

BBB capillaries have _______ = least permeable of body, most selective

A

tight junction

44
Q

Why is blood brain barrier “super” filtered”?

A

blood is “super filtered” to make cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
ex: keeps metabolic wastes out but alcohol, nicotine, anesthesia can cross

45
Q

Name 2 problems you may experience with the brain

A

Cerebrovascular accidents or stroke
Alzheimer’s Disease

46
Q

Cerebrovascular accidents (strokes)

A

blood route to brain blocked due to thrombus (clot) and brain tissue dies

47
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

progressive degenerative disease of brain leads to dementia(mental deterioration) due to formation of senile plaques (aggregates of neurons/protein) and neurofibrillary tangles (twisted fibrils within cell bodies)

Human A&P II (6 decks)

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