Chapter 12

Question 1

Vertebral column

Answer 1

spinal cord located within vertebral column

Question 2

Meninges

Answer 2

connective tissue coverings encircle spinal cord and brain

Question 3

Dura Mater

Answer 3

outermost layer dense irregular connective tissue
epidural space between dura mater and vertebral wall

Question 4

Arachnoid Mater

Answer 4

spiderlike web of collagen and elastic fibers, under the dura mater

Question 5

Pia Mater

Answer 5

thin, adheres to surface of spinal cord and brain
subarachnoid space between pia and arachnoid contains CSF

Question 6

Meningitis

Answer 6

inflammation of meninges due to infection

Question 7

What comes together as common spinal nerve?

Answer 7

Posterior/dorsal root and anterior/ventral root enter and exit spinal cord

Question 8

Endoneurium

Answer 8

loose connective tissue surrounds each axon

Question 9

Where are cell bodies located?

Answer 9

cell bodies of sensory neurons entering spinal cord located in dorsal root ganglion

Question 10

perineurium

Answer 10

connective tissue surround each bundle of axons (fasicles)

Question 11

epineurium

Answer 11

connective tissue surrounds nerve

Question 12

Butterfly in cord

Answer 12

Gray matter, is mostly unmyelinated neurons, local

Question 13

Central Canal

Answer 13

Length of spinal cord, filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Question 14

White Matter

Answer 14

Surrounding white matter are highways for nerve impulse propagation to and from brain, mostly myelinated, more distance

Question 15

Monosynaptic

Answer 15

one synapse between sensory and motor neuron

Question 16

Polysynaptic

Answer 16

multiple synapses w/ interneuron involved

Question 17

Somatic reflex

Answer 17

Skeletal muscle fiber

Question 17

Autonomic

Answer 17

visceral, smooth/cardiac muscle, glands

Question 18

Stretch Reflex

Answer 18

Happen due to muscle spindle that picks up on length of skeletal muscle

Question 19

Golgi Tendon Reflex

Answer 19

golgi tendon in tendon reduces excessive tendon stretch when muscle contracts
- Ipsilateral, polysynaptic, interneuron inhibits alpha motor neurons to relax muscle and unload tendon

Question 20

Flexor Reflex

Answer 20

Withdrawal reflex (burn hand snatch away)
ipsilateral, polysynaptic, response to pain

Question 21

Crossed Extensor Reflex

Answer 21

Ipsilateral contraction, contralateral extension
ex: stub toe (weight shift onto opposite leg)

Question 22

paralysis

Answer 22

loss of motor function

Question 23

paraplegia

Answer 23

(t1-l1) legs

Question 24

quadraplegia

Answer 24

(cervical) neck down

Question 25

hemiplegia

Answer 25

usually brain, one side loss (stroke)

Question 26

paresthesia

Answer 26

sensory loss

Question 27

poliomyelitis

Answer 27

virus in anterior horn motor neurons
-may inhibit respiratory muscles
- use of iron lung for treatment/recovery