Chapter 11

Question 1

How fast is the major control system?

Answer 1

100 m/second

Question 2

What does the central nervous system consist of?

Answer 2

all of the neurons and support cells in the brain and spinal cord

Question 3

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

Answer 3

• All nervous tissue outside of the CNS/brain and spinal cord
• Cranial nerves from brain and spinal nerves from spinal cord

Question 4

Describe the 2 types of cells in the PNS.

Answer 4

1. sensory- inputs from various receptors
2. motor- output to effectors

Question 5

Describe the somatic nervous system.

Answer 5

It gives conscious and voluntary control of skeletal muscle

Question 6

Describe the autonomic nervous system

Answer 6

It is involuntary control of viscera (GI, blood vessels, heart, lungs)

Question 7

Describe the parasympathetic and sympathetic parts of the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 7

Parasympathetic: homeostasis, steady state, “rest and digest”
Sympathetic: “fight or flight:, wants change

Question 8

Describe sensory neurons

Answer 8

• detect changes through stimuli both outside and inside body
• PNS input carried to CNS via sensory or afferent neurons

Question 9

Describe integration neurons

Answer 9

• they interpret sensory information, storage and decision making
• they use inter or association neurons of CNS

Question 10

Describe motor neurons

Answer 10

• response and action due to stimulus and/or integration commands
• use motor of efferent neurons to communicate to target effectors (muscles and glands)

Question 11

Describe neuroglial cells

Answer 11

• supportive
• about 50:1 neuroglial cell to neuron ratio

Question 12

Describe astrocytes

Answer 12

• between nervous tissue and blood vessels
• structural support
• regulates CNS ion concentrations (suck up sodium, release potassium if necessary)
• forms scar tissue after injury

Question 13

Describe ogliodendrocytes

Answer 13

• rows between neurons
• form myelin sheath for insulation

Question 14

Describe ependymal cells

Answer 14

• epithelial-like/sheet membrane
• enclose fluid filled spaces in CNS such as ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord
• make cerebrospinal fluid

Question 15

Describe Schwann cells

Answer 15

• PNS only
• cells form lipid and protein myelin insulation
• wrapped
• similar oligodendrocytes

Question 16

Describe satellite cells

Answer 16

• support cluster of neuron cell bodies called ganglia

Question 17

Describe neurons/nerve cells

Answer 17

• high metabolic rate and will die without O2
• growth and development regulated by trophic factors like nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Question 18

Describe the cell body (soma or perikaryon)

Answer 18

cytoplasm, nucleus, and organelles

Question 19

Neurofibrils

Answer 19

• threadlike proteins that extend into axon
• provide support and shape

Question 20

Nissil bodies

Answer 20

• same arrangement of rough ER
• synthesize proteins for repair and growth

Question 21

Dendrites

Answer 21

• many short, highly branched
• receptive (input) surface, conducts toward cell body

Question 22

Axon

Answer 22

• carries signal away from cell body
• only 1 per neuron
• arises from axon billock which is a cone-shaped elevation where nerve impulses leave cell body at trigger zi

Question 23

Nodes of Raniver

Answer 23

gaps between Schwann cells that allow fast saltatory conduction ( gap to gap )

Question 24

Myelinated Matter vs Unmyelinated Matter

Answer 24

White matter is myelinated
Gray Matter is unmyelinated
Myelinated axons conduct faster than unmyelinated

Question 25

Multipolar Neurons

Answer 25

has many processes (branches and dendrites) extending from cell body, most of the brain and spinal cord

Question 26

Bipolar Neurons

Answer 26

one main dendrite and axon
found near retina, inner ear, olfactory brain

Question 27

Unipolar Neurons

Answer 27

one process fuses dendrite and axon
only sensory neurons