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General Chemistry II > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

alloy

A

a mixture with metallic properties that consists of solid phases of two or more pure elements, a solid-solid solution, or distinct intermediate phases

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2
Q

amino acid

A

an organic compound [general formula, H2N─CH(R)─COOH] with at least one carboxyl and one amine group on the same molecule; the monomer unit of a protein

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3
Q

boiling point elevation (deltaTb)

A

the increase in the boiling point of a solvent caused by the presence of dissolved solute

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4
Q

charge density

A

the ratio of the charge of an ion to its volum

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5
Q

colligative property

A

a property of a solution that depends on the number, not the identity, of solute particles

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6
Q

colloid

A

a heterogeneous mixture in which a dispersed (solute-like) substance is distributed throughout a dispersive (solvent-like) substance

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7
Q

desalination

A

a process used to remove large amounts of ions from seawater, usually by reverse osmosis

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8
Q

dipole-induced dipole force

A

the intermolecular attraction between a polar molecule and the oppositely charged pole it induces in a nearby molecule

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9
Q

double helix

A

the two intertwined polynucleotide strands held together by H bonds that form the structure of DNA

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10
Q

entropy (S)

A

a thermodynamic quantity related to the number of ways the energy of a system can be dispersed through the motions of its particles

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11
Q

fractional distillation

A

a physical process involving numerous vaporization-condensation steps used to separate two or more volatile components

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12
Q

freezing point depression (deltaTf)

A

the lowering of the freezing point of a solvent caused by the presence of dissolved solute particles

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13
Q

hard water

A

water that contains large amounts of divalent cations, especially Ca2+ and Mg2+

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14
Q

heat of hydration (deltaHhydr)

A

the enthalpy change occurring when 1 mol of a gaseous species (often an ion) is hydrated. the sum of the enthalpies from separating water molecules and mixing the gaseous species with them; designated deltaHhydr at the standard state

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15
Q

heat of solution (deltaHsoln)

A

the enthalpy change occurring when a solution forms from solute and solvent. the sum of the enthalpies from separating solute and solvent substances and mixing them; designated deltaHsoln at the standard state

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16
Q

Henry’s Law

A

a law stating that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid: Sgas = kH × Pgas

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17
Q

hydration

A

solvation in water

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18
Q

hydration shell

A

the oriented cluster of water molecules that surrounds an ion in aqueous solution

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19
Q

ideal solution

A

a solution that follows Raoult’s law at any concentration

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20
Q

immiscible

A

insoluble; usually applied to liquids that do not dissolve in each other

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21
Q

ion exchange

A

a process of softening water by exchanging one type of ion (usually Ca2+) for another (usually Na+) by binding the ions on a specially designed resin

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22
Q

ionic atmosphere

A

a cluster of ions of net opposite charge surrounding a given ion in solution

23
Q

ion-induced dipole force

A

the attractive force between an ion and the dipole it induces in the electron cloud of a nearby nonpolar molecule

24
Q

like-dissolves-like rule

A

an empirical observation stating that substances having similar kinds of intermolecular forces dissolve in each other

25
lipid bilayer
an extended, sheetlike double layer of phospholipid molecules that forms in water and has the charged heads of the molecules on the surfaces of the bilayer and the nonpolar tails within the interior
26
mass percent
the fraction by mass expressed as a percentage. a concentration term expressed as the mass of solute dissolved in 100. parts by mass of solution
27
miscible
soluble in any proportion
28
molality (m)
a concentration term expressed as number of moles of solute dissolved in 1000 g (1 kg) of solvent
29
mole fraction (X)
a concentration term expressed as the ratio of number of moles of solute to the total number of moles (solute plus solvent)
30
mononucleotide
a monomer unit of a nucleic acid, consisting of an N-containing base, a sugar, and a phosphate group
31
non electrolyte
a substance whose aqueous solution does not conduct an electric current
32
nucleic acid
an unbranched polymer of mononucleotides that occurs as two types, DNA and RNA (deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids), which differ chemically in the nature of the sugar portion of their mononucleotides
33
osmosis
the process by which solvent flows through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute to a concentrated solution
34
osmotic pressure
the pressure that results from the ability of solvent, but not solute, particles to cross a semipermeable membrane. the pressure required to prevent the net movement of solvent across the membrane
35
protein
a natural, unbranched polymer composed of any of about 20 types of amino acid monomers linked together by peptide bonds
36
Raoult's Law
a law stating that the vapor pressure of solvent above a solution equals the mole fraction of solvent times the vapor pressure of pure solvent: Psolvent = Xsolvent x Posolvent
37
reverse osmosis
a process for preparing drinkable water that uses an applied pressure greater than the osmotic pressure to remove ions from an aqueous solution, typically seawater
38
saturated solution
a solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a given temperature (prepared with undissolved solute present)
39
semipermeable membrane
a membrane that allows solvent, but not solute, to pass through
40
soap
the salt formed in a reaction between a fatty acid and a strong base, usually a Group 1A(1) or 2A(2) hydroxide
41
solubility (S)
the maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a fixed quantity of a particular solvent at a specified temperature
42
solute
the substance that dissolves in the solvent
43
solvation
the process of surrounding a solute particle with solvent particles
44
solvent
the substance in which one or more solutes dissolve
45
strong electrolyte
a substance that is a good conductor of electric current in solution because it dissociates or ionizes completely
46
supersaturated solution
an unstable solution in which more solute is dissolved than in a saturated solution
47
suspension
a heterogeneous mixture containing particles that are visibly distinct from the surrounding fluid
48
Tyndall effect
the scattering of light by a colloid
49
unsaturated solution
a solution in which more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature
50
vapor pressure lowering (deltaP)
the lowering of the vapor pressure of a solvent caused by the presence of dissolved solute particles
51
volume percent
a concentration term defined as the volume of solute in 100. volumes of solution
52
wastewater
used water, usually containing industrial and/or residential waste, that is treated before being returned to the environment
53
water softening
the process of replacing the hard-water ions Ca2+ and Mg2+ with Na+ ions
54
weak electrolyte
a substance that is a poor conductor of electric current in solution because it only partially dissociates or ionizes

General Chemistry II (8 decks)

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