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Chapter 12/13 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Along with the nervous system regulates functions of body to maintain homeostasis and coordinates communication

A

Endocrine system

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2
Q

Eight major endocrine glands

A

Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Pineal gland
Thymus
Ovaries and testes

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3
Q

Ductless secrete hormones directly into the body fluids

A

Endocrine glands

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4
Q

Glands that secrete into ducks or tubes that lead to a body surface

A

Exocrine glands

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5
Q

Affect nearby cells

A

Paracrine secretions

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6
Q

Affect only the cells that secrete them

A

Autocrine secretions

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7
Q

Releases neurotransmitters into synapses

A

Nervous system

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8
Q

Secretes hormones into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine system

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9
Q

Are released into extracellular fluid then diffuse into blood. Method of transport through blood depends whether lipid-soluble or water-soluble. Very powerful substances in low concentrations

A

Hormones

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10
Q

Lipids Produce from cholesterol. Examples sex hormones testosterone estrogen and adrenal cortex hormones cortisol and aldosterone

A

Steroid or steroid like hormones

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11
Q

Four types of nonsteroid hormones

A

Amines
Proteins
Peptides
Glycoproteins

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12
Q

What type of non-steroid hormone derived from tyrosine examples are epinephrine norepinephrine and thyroxine

A

Amines

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13
Q

What type of non steroid hormone is composed of long chains of amino acids example growth hormone

A

Proteins

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14
Q

What type of nonsteroid hormones are comprised of short chains of amino acids examples ADH oxytocin 

A

Peptides

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15
Q

Type of nonsteroid hormones comprised of carbohydrates join to proteins example TSH

A

Glycoproteins

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16
Q

Increase the number of receptors on target sell in response to a decrease in hormone level

A

Upregulation

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17
Q

Decrease the number of receptors on target sell due to an increase in hormone level

A

Downregulation

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18
Q

Have poor water solubility. Transported through blood bound to plasma proteins. Can diffuse through lipid bilayer of cell membranes

A

Steroid hormones

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19
Q

Have poor water solubility transported through blood bound to the plasma proteins. Are thought to enter cells by specific transport methods

A

Thyroid hormones

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20
Q

Hormone is considered a __________ Chemical that induces changes leading to the hormones affect is considered a __________. The entire process of chemical communication from outside cell to inside is called _____________

A

First messenger
Second messenger
Signal transduction

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21
Q

Hormones can be broken down by ____________ Mainly from the liver to stop their effects

A

Enzymes

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22
Q

Controls release of anterior pituitary hormones

A

Hypothalamus

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23
Q

Secretes hormones that control activity of other glands

A

Pituitary gland

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24
Q

Directly stimulates some glands to secrete their hormones via nerve impulses

A

Nervous system control

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25
The pituitary gland consists of these two distinct portions
Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
26
Develops in fetus produces melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH which starts melanin production
Small intermediate lobe (pars intermedia)
27
Secretion of each anterior pituitary hormone is regulated by a releasing hormone a release inhibiting hormone or both from the hypothalamus
Growth hormone GH Prolactin PRL Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH (thyrotropin) Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH (corticotropin) Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH and Luteinizing hormone LH 
28
 Major anterior pituitary hormones
Growth hormone GH Prolactin PRL Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH Luteinizing hormone LH
29
Stimulates cells to enlarge and divide rapidly
Growth hormone (somatotropin)
30
Promotes milk production in females uncertain function in males
Prolactin
31
Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 from thyroid gland
Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH
32
Stimulates secretion of cortisol and other glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex
Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
33
Causes growth and development of ovarian follicles in females sperm production in males
Follicle stimulating hormone FSH
34
Causes ovulation and females sex hormone production in both genders
Luteinizing hormone LH
35
Two hormones released by posterior pituitary gland
Antidiuretic hormone ADH (vasopressin) Oxytocin
36
Decreases your own production by reducing the volume of H2O the kidneys excrete. Causes vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure
Antidiuretic hormone ADH (vasopressin)
37
Causes muscle contraction in uterine wall during childbirth. Causes milk ejection during lactation
Oxytocin
38
Thyroid gland produces which three hormones
T4 thyroxine T3 Triiodothyronine Calcitonin
39
Produced by follicular cells
T4 thyroxine T3 triiodothyronine
40
Produce buy extrafollicular cells
Calcitonin
41
Thyroid is composed of round secretory units called
Follicles
42
Increases blood level of calcium and decreases phosphate. Stimulate bone reabsorption. Acts on kidney to cause final step in production of vitamin D. And ask on kid need to conserve calcium and excrete phosphate in urine
Parathyroid hormone PTH
43
 Also called suprarenal gland’s. Closely associated with the kidneys. Maintain blood sodium levels and respond to stress.
Adrenal glands
44
Outer portion of adrenal gland. Secrete steroid hormones aldosterone cortisol and sex hormones
Adrenal cortex
45
Central portion of adrenal gland. Secretes amine hormones 80% Epinephrine 20% norepinephrine
Adrenal medulla
46
Helps regulate the concentration of extracellular electrolytes by conserving sodium ions and excreting potassium ions
Aldosterone
47
Decreases proteins synthesis increases fatty acid release and stimulates glucose synthesis from non-carbohydrates
Cortisol
48
Supplement sex hormones from the gap gonads may be converted into estrogen
Adrenal androgens
49
Stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and converting on carbohydrates into glucose stimulates breakdown of fats. Decreases blood glucose concentration promotes transport of amino acids into cells and enhances synthesis of proteins and fats
Glucagon
50
Insulin
51
Helps regulate carbohydrates
Somatostatin
52
Secretes melatonin which regulates circadian rhythm day night cycle’s
Pineal gland
53
Secretes thymosins Which promote development of T lymphocytes. Important role in immunity
Thymus gland
54
Produces estrogen and progesterone
Ovaries
55
Produces testosterone
Testes
56
Produces estrogen progesterone and gonadotropin
Placenta
57
Produces hormones to regulate digestion
Digestive glands
58
Produces natriuretic peptide’s to stimulate sodium secretion in urine
Heart
59
Produces erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell formation
Kidney
60
Condition produced in response to stressors
Stress
61
Types of stress (two)
Physiological stress Physical stress
62
Danger personal loss anger fear guilt
Physiological stress
63
Temperature extremes infection injury 02 deficiency
Physical stress
64
Controls response to stress
Hypothalamus
65
Response to stress is called
General adaptation syndrome GAS
66
Fight or flight response immediate does not last long. Eppinette friend intensifies and prolonged these responses
Alarm stage
67
Slower longer lasting CRH - ACTH -cortisol pathway increases. Cortisol glucagon and GH mobilize energy resources from other tissues and organs. ADH and renin cause water retention
Resistance stage
68
Electrolyte imbalance suppression of immune system wasting dude to depletion of nutrients in the body. Can result in death
Exhaustion stage

Chapter 12/13 (4 decks)

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