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Chapter 12/13 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Along with the nervous system regulates functions of body to maintain homeostasis and coordinates communication

A

Endocrine system

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2
Q

Eight major endocrine glands

A

Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Pineal gland
Thymus
Ovaries and testes

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3
Q

Ductless secrete hormones directly into the body fluids

A

Endocrine glands

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4
Q

Glands that secrete into ducks or tubes that lead to a body surface

A

Exocrine glands

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5
Q

Affect nearby cells

A

Paracrine secretions

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6
Q

Affect only the cells that secrete them

A

Autocrine secretions

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7
Q

Releases neurotransmitters into synapses

A

Nervous system

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8
Q

Secretes hormones into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine system

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9
Q

Are released into extracellular fluid then diffuse into blood. Method of transport through blood depends whether lipid-soluble or water-soluble. Very powerful substances in low concentrations

A

Hormones

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10
Q

Lipids Produce from cholesterol. Examples sex hormones testosterone estrogen and adrenal cortex hormones cortisol and aldosterone

A

Steroid or steroid like hormones

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11
Q

Four types of nonsteroid hormones

A

Amines
Proteins
Peptides
Glycoproteins

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12
Q

What type of non-steroid hormone derived from tyrosine examples are epinephrine norepinephrine and thyroxine

A

Amines

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13
Q

What type of non steroid hormone is composed of long chains of amino acids example growth hormone

A

Proteins

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14
Q

What type of nonsteroid hormones are comprised of short chains of amino acids examples ADH oxytocin 

A

Peptides

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15
Q

Type of nonsteroid hormones comprised of carbohydrates join to proteins example TSH

A

Glycoproteins

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16
Q

Increase the number of receptors on target sell in response to a decrease in hormone level

A

Upregulation

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17
Q

Decrease the number of receptors on target sell due to an increase in hormone level

A

Downregulation

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18
Q

Have poor water solubility. Transported through blood bound to plasma proteins. Can diffuse through lipid bilayer of cell membranes

A

Steroid hormones

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19
Q

Have poor water solubility transported through blood bound to the plasma proteins. Are thought to enter cells by specific transport methods

A

Thyroid hormones

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20
Q

Hormone is considered a __________ Chemical that induces changes leading to the hormones affect is considered a __________. The entire process of chemical communication from outside cell to inside is called _____________

A

First messenger
Second messenger
Signal transduction

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21
Q

Hormones can be broken down by ____________ Mainly from the liver to stop their effects

A

Enzymes

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22
Q

Controls release of anterior pituitary hormones

A

Hypothalamus

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23
Q

Secretes hormones that control activity of other glands

A

Pituitary gland

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24
Q

Directly stimulates some glands to secrete their hormones via nerve impulses

A

Nervous system control

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25
Q

The pituitary gland consists of these two distinct portions

A

Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

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26
Q

Develops in fetus produces melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH which starts melanin production

A

Small intermediate lobe (pars intermedia)

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27
Q

Secretion of each anterior pituitary hormone is regulated by a releasing hormone a release inhibiting hormone or both from the hypothalamus

A

Growth hormone GH
Prolactin PRL
Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH (thyrotropin)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH (corticotropin)
Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH and
Luteinizing hormone LH 

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28
Q

 Major anterior pituitary hormones

A

Growth hormone GH
Prolactin PRL
Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH
Luteinizing hormone LH

29
Q

Stimulates cells to enlarge and divide rapidly

A

Growth hormone (somatotropin)

30
Q

Promotes milk production in females uncertain function in males

A

Prolactin

31
Q

Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 from thyroid gland

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH

32
Q

Stimulates secretion of cortisol and other glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

33
Q

Causes growth and development of ovarian follicles in females sperm production in males

A

Follicle stimulating hormone FSH

34
Q

Causes ovulation and females sex hormone production in both genders

A

Luteinizing hormone LH

35
Q

Two hormones released by posterior pituitary gland

A

Antidiuretic hormone ADH (vasopressin)
Oxytocin

36
Q

Decreases your own production by reducing the volume of H2O the kidneys excrete. Causes vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure

A

Antidiuretic hormone ADH (vasopressin)

37
Q

Causes muscle contraction in uterine wall during childbirth. Causes milk ejection during lactation

A

Oxytocin

38
Q

Thyroid gland produces which three hormones

A

T4 thyroxine
T3 Triiodothyronine
Calcitonin

39
Q

Produced by follicular cells

A

T4 thyroxine
T3 triiodothyronine

40
Q

Produce buy extrafollicular cells

A

Calcitonin

41
Q

Thyroid is composed of round secretory units called

A

Follicles

42
Q

Increases blood level of calcium and decreases phosphate. Stimulate bone reabsorption. Acts on kidney to cause final step in production of vitamin D. And ask on kid need to conserve calcium and excrete phosphate in urine

A

Parathyroid hormone PTH

43
Q

 Also called suprarenal gland’s. Closely associated with the kidneys. Maintain blood sodium levels and respond to stress.

A

Adrenal glands

44
Q

Outer portion of adrenal gland. Secrete steroid hormones aldosterone cortisol and sex hormones

A

Adrenal cortex

45
Q

Central portion of adrenal gland. Secretes amine hormones 80% Epinephrine 20% norepinephrine

A

Adrenal medulla

46
Q

Helps regulate the concentration of extracellular electrolytes by conserving sodium ions and excreting potassium ions

A

Aldosterone

47
Q

Decreases proteins synthesis increases fatty acid release and stimulates glucose synthesis from non-carbohydrates

A

Cortisol

48
Q

Supplement sex hormones from the gap gonads may be converted into estrogen

A

Adrenal androgens

49
Q

Stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and converting on carbohydrates into glucose stimulates breakdown of fats. Decreases blood glucose concentration promotes transport of amino acids into cells and enhances synthesis of proteins and fats

A

Glucagon

50
Q
A

Insulin

51
Q

Helps regulate carbohydrates

A

Somatostatin

52
Q

Secretes melatonin which regulates circadian rhythm day night cycle’s

A

Pineal gland

53
Q

Secretes thymosins Which promote development of T lymphocytes. Important role in immunity

A

Thymus gland

54
Q

Produces estrogen and progesterone

A

Ovaries

55
Q

Produces testosterone

A

Testes

56
Q

Produces estrogen progesterone and gonadotropin

A

Placenta

57
Q

Produces hormones to regulate digestion

A

Digestive glands

58
Q

Produces natriuretic peptide’s to stimulate sodium secretion in urine

A

Heart

59
Q

Produces erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell formation

A

Kidney

60
Q

Condition produced in response to stressors

A

Stress

61
Q

Types of stress (two)

A

Physiological stress
Physical stress

62
Q

Danger personal loss anger fear guilt

A

Physiological stress

63
Q

Temperature extremes infection injury 02 deficiency

A

Physical stress

64
Q

Controls response to stress

A

Hypothalamus

65
Q

Response to stress is called

A

General adaptation syndrome GAS

66
Q

Fight or flight response immediate does not last long. Eppinette friend intensifies and prolonged these responses

A

Alarm stage

67
Q

Slower longer lasting CRH - ACTH -cortisol pathway increases. Cortisol glucagon and GH mobilize energy resources from other tissues and organs. ADH and renin cause water retention

A

Resistance stage

68
Q

Electrolyte imbalance suppression of immune system wasting dude to depletion of nutrients in the body. Can result in death

A

Exhaustion stage

Chapter 12/13 (4 decks)

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