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Chapter 12/13 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Receptors that are widely distributed throughout the body. Skin various organs and joints

A

General senses

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2
Q

Specialized receptors confined to structures in the head

A

Special senses

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3
Q

Maintain homeostasis by providing information about the outside world and the internal environment

A

Senses

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4
Q

Respond to the specific stimuli. Particularly sensitive to a certain type of environmental change and less sensitive to other stimuli. Allows the body to interpret sensory’s events

A

Sensory receptors

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5
Q

Five types of sensory receptors in the body

A

Chemoreceptors
pain receptors (nociceptors)
Thermoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Photoreceptors

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6
Q

Response to changes and chemical concentrations. Smell taste oxygen concentration

A

Chemoreceptors

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7
Q

Response to tissue damage. Mechanical electrical and thermal energy

A

Painreceptors (nociceptors)

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8
Q

Respond to minor changes in temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

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9
Q

Respond to mechanical forces that distort receptor. Touch tension blood pressure stretch

A

Mechanoreceptors

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10
Q

Respond to light. Eyes

A

 Photoreceptors

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11
Q

Occurs when an action potentials make the brain aware of a century event. Example awareness of pain

A

Sensation

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12
Q

Occurs when brain interprets sensory impulse. Ex. Realizing that pain is a result of stepping on a tack

A

Perception

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13
Q

Process in which cerebral cortex interprets sensation is being derived from certain receptors. Allows a person to locate the region of stimulation

A

Projection

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14
Q

Ability to ignore an important or continuous stimuli. Best accomplished by thermoreceptors and olfactory receptors

A

Sensory adaptation

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15
Q

Senses with small widespread sensory receptors associated with skin muscles joints and viscera

A

General senses

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16
Q

Three groups of general senses

A

Exteroceptive senses
Interoceptive senses (visceroceptive)
Proprioceptive senses

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17
Q

Senses associated with body surface. Examples touch pressure temperature and pain

A

Exteroceptive sense

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18
Q

Senses is associated with changes in the viscera. Examples blood pressure stretching blood vessels

A

Interoceptive senses (visceroceptive)

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19
Q

Senses associated with changes in muscles tendons and joints body position. Examples. stimulated when changing position or exercising

A

Proprioceptive senses

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20
Q

Three types of mechanoreceptors respond to touch and pressure

A

Free nerve endings
Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles
Lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles

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21
Q

Common epithelial tissues. Simplest receptors. Sense itching another sensations

A

Free nerve endings

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22
Q

Abundant in hairless portions of skin and lips. Detect phone touch and texture. Distinguish between two points

A

Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles

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23
Q

Nerve endings encased in large ellipsoidal structures. Common in deeper subcutaneous tissues tendons and ligaments. Detect heavy pressure and vibrations

A

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpsucles

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24
Q

Two types of temperature receptors (thermoreceptors)

A

Warm receptors
Cold receptors

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25
Q

Sensitive to temperatures above 25°C. Unresponsive to temperatures above 45°C

A

Warm receptors

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26
Q

Sensitive to temperature is between 10° and 20°C

A

Cold receptors

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27
Q

Consists of free nerve endings in skin senses warm and cold

A

Thermoreceptors

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28
Q

Consists of free nerve endings. Widely distributed. Stimulated by tissue damage chemicals mechanical forces or extremes in temperature and oxygen deficiency. Produce freezing sensation below 10°C. Produce burning sensation temperatures above 45°C

A

Pain receptors

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29
Q

Visceral pain my feel as if it’s coming from some other part of the body this is called

A

Referred pain

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30
Q

Only receptors in viscera who’s stimulation produces sensations

A

Pain receptors

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31
Q

Referred pain results from __________, In which sensory impulses from the visceral organ and a certain area of the skin synapse with the same neuron in the CNS

A

Common nerve pathways

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32
Q

Begins sensation of pain

A

Thalamus

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33
Q

Judges intensity of pain. Locate source of pain. Produces emotional and motor response to pain. Emotional response involves limbic system

A

Cerebral cortex

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34
Q

Regulates the flow of impulses from spinal cord

A

Gray matter in brainstem

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35
Q

Three pain inhibiting substances produced in the body

A

Enkephalins
Serotonin
Endorphins

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36
Q

Mechanoreceptors that send information to CNS about body position and length intention of skeletal muscles

A

Proprioceptors

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37
Q

Three main types of proprioreceptors

A

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs

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38
Q

Pressure receptors and joints

A

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

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39
Q

Stretch receptors in skeletal muscles. Initiate stretch reflex and which spindle stretch causes muscle contraction

A

Muscle spindles

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40
Q

Stretch receptors and tendons. Stimulate reflexes that oppose stretch reflexes. Help maintain posture and protect muscle attachment from being pulled loose

A

Golgi tendon organs

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41
Q

Senses that have sensory receptors and are within large complex sensory organs in the head

A

Special senses

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42
Q

Four special senses

A

Smell
Taste
Hearing and equilibrium
Sight

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43
Q

Sense of smell

A

Olfaction

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44
Q

Receptor cells that are chemoreceptors. Respond to chemicals dissolved in liquids

A

Olfactory receptors

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45
Q

Contain olfactory cells and supporting epithelial cells. Cover upper parts of nasal cavity superior nasal conchae and a portion of the nasal septum

A

Olfactory organs

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46
Q

Olfactory nerve – olfactory bulbs – olfactory tracks – limbic system(for emotions)and olfactory cortex(for interpretation) (pathway)

A

Olfactory pathways

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47
Q

Sense of taste

A

Gustation

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48
Q

Organs of taste located on papillae of tongue roof of mouth lining of cheeks and walls of pharynx

A

Taste buds

49
Q

Chemo receptors, modified epithelial cells that function as receptors. Microvilli that protrude from taste cells through pores of taste buds; sensitive parts of taste cells. Replaced every three days

A

Taste receptors

50
Q

Five primary taste sensations

A

Sweet
Sour
Salty
Bitter
umami

51
Q

Taste stimulated by carbohydrates

A

Sweet

52
Q

Taste stimulated by acids

A

Sour

53
Q

Taste stimulated by salts

A

Salty

54
Q

Taste stimulated by organic compounds. Magnesium and calcium salts

A

Bitter

55
Q

Stimulated by some amino acids. MSG

A

Umami

56
Q

Food that may stimulate a class of pain receptors

A

Spicy

57
Q

Organ of hearing and equilibrium

A

Ear

58
Q

Three sections of the ear

A

Outer/ external ear
Middle ear
Inner/ internal ear

59
Q

Parts of the outer ear (3)

A

Auricle (pinna)
External acoustic meatus
Tympanic membrane (eardrum) 

60
Q

Funnel shaped collects sound waves

A

Auricle (pinna)

61
Q

S shape tube. Line with ceruminous glands. Carries sound to tympanic membrane. terminates at tympanic membrane 

A

External acoustic meatus

62
Q

Vibrates in response to sound waves

A

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

63
Q

 Parts of the middle ear

A

Tympanic cavity
auditory ossicles
Oval window

64
Q

Air filled space in temporal bone

A

Tympanic cavity

65
Q

Three tiny bones. Vibrate in response to tympanic membrane amplify force. 

A

Auditory ossicles

66
Q

Opening in wall of tympanic cavity. Stapes vibrates against it to move fluids in inner ear

A

Oval window

67
Q

Connects the middle ear to throat. Helps maintain equal air pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane

A

Auditory (eustachian) tube

68
Q

 Two types of labyrinths in the inner ear

A

Osseous (bony)labyrinth
Membranous labyrinth

69
Q

Bony canal and temporal bone filled with fluid called perilymph

A

Osseous (bony)labyrinth

70
Q

Tube of similar shape that lies within osseous labyrinth. Filled with fluid called endolymph

A

Membranous labyrinth

71
Q

Three portions of labyrinths

A

Cochlea
Semicircular canals
Vestibule

72
Q

Functions in hearing (portion of labyrinths)

A

cochlea

73
Q

Functions and dynamic equilibrium (portion of labyrinth)

A

Semicircular canals

74
Q

Functions in static equilibrium (portion of labyrinths) 

A

Vestibule

75
Q

Two membrane covered windows in the wall of the bony labyrinth

A

Oval window
Round window

76
Q

Opening in the wall of the Tympanic cavity through which the steps transfers vibrations to the fluid of the inner ear

A

Oval windows

77
Q

Window in the wall of the inner ear facing the tympanic cavity. Dissipates excess vibrations into the tympanic cavity

A

Round window

78
Q

Cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve to medulla oblongata to mid brain to thalamus to auditory cortex and temporal lobe of the cerebral (pathway)

A

Auditory pathway

79
Q

Feeling of equilibrium/balance is derived from two senses which are

A

Static equilibrium
Dynamic equilibrium

80
Q

Sense position of head when body is not moving. Receptors are found in vestibule of inner ear

A

Static equilibrium

81
Q

Senses rotation and movement of head and body. Receptors are found in semi circular canals

A

Dynamic equilibrium

82
Q

Eyelids (palpebrae) composed of four layers which are

A

Skin
Muscle
Connective tissue
Conjunctiva

83
Q

Thinnest in the body (eyelid)

A

Skin

84
Q

Orbicularis oculi closest eyelid levitate or palpebrae superioris muscle opens it (part of eyelids)

A

Muscle

85
Q

Contains tarsal glands which secrete oil onto eyelashes (part of eyelid) 

A

Connective tissue

86
Q

Mucous membrane that lines eyelid and covers portion of eyeball (part of eyelid) 

A

Conjunctiva

87
Q

Five portions of lacrimal apparatus

A

Lacrimal gland
Canaliculi
lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
Lysozyme

88
Q

In orbit lateral to eye, secretes tears

A

Lacrimal gland

89
Q

Two ducts that collect tears

A

Canaliculi

90
Q

Collects tears from canaliculi. Lies and groove and lacrimal bone

A

Lacrimal sac

91
Q

Collects from lacrimal sac. Empties tears into nasal cavity

A

Nasolacrimal duct

92
Q

Antibacterial component of tears

A

Lysozyme

93
Q

Six intrinsic eye muscles for eye movement

A

Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
medial rectus
Lateral rectus
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique

94
Q

Rotate eye up and medially (muscle)

A

Superior rectus

95
Q

Rotate eye down and immediately (muscle)

A

Inferior rectus

96
Q

Rotates eye medically (muscle)

A

Medial rectus

97
Q

Rotate eye laterally (muscle)

A

Lateral rectus

98
Q

Rotate eye down and laterally (muscle)

A

Superior oblique

99
Q

Rotates eye up and laterally (muscle)

A

Inferior oblique

100
Q

Hollow spherical organ of sight

A

Eye

101
Q

Three layers that make up the wall of the eye

A

Outer (fibrous) tunic
Middle (vascular) tunic
Inner (nervous) tunic

102
Q

The outer fibrous tunic consists of

A

Cornea
Sclera 

103
Q

Anterior 1/6. Transparent window of eye helps focus light rays transmits and refracts light

A

Cornea

104
Q

Posterior 5/6 white opaque tough. Protects eye, attaches muscles. Is pierced by optic nerves and blood vessels

A

Sclera

105
Q

The middle of vascular tunic of the eye consists of

A

Choroid coat
ciliary body
Iris

106
Q

Posterior 5/6, Provides a blood supply contains melanocytes Moanin absorbs extra light

A

Choroid coat

107
Q

Anterior portion. Thickest portion pigmented. Forms ring to hold lens changes lens shape for focusing. Contain ciliary muscles to move lens and radiating folds

A

Ciliary body

108
Q

Anterior to ciliary body in front of lens. Pigmented. Controls light entering eye

A

Iris

109
Q

Transparent biconvex lies behind Iris and elastic. Held in place by suspensory ligament of ciliary body. Helps focus light rays

A

Lens

110
Q

Window or opening and sent her a virus. Dim light stimulates radio muscles and dilates. Bright light stimulates circular muscles and constricts

A

Pupil

111
Q

Fluid in anterior cavity of eye. Secreted by epithelium on inner surface of the ciliary body. Provides nutrients and maintains shape of anterior portion of eye. Leaves cavity through sclera venous sinus

A

Aqueous humor

112
Q

Space enclosed lens ciliary body and retina. Contains vitreous humor a thick gel that holds front and a flat against choroid coat and helps maintain shape of eye.

A

Posterior cavity

113
Q

Long thin projections. Contain light sensitive pigment called rhodopsin. Provide vision in dim light. Produce version without color in shades of gray. Produce outlines of objects

A

Rods

114
Q

Short blunt projections. Contain light sensitive pigments erythrolabe, chlorolabe, and cyanolabe. Provide sharp images produce color vision

A

Cones

115
Q

Response to red light

A

Erythrolabe

116
Q

Responds to green light

A

Chlorolabe

117
Q

Responds to blue light

A

Cyanolabe

118
Q

Light-sensitive pigments in discs of cones

A

Iodopsins

119
Q

Provides perception of distance depth height and width of objects. Results from formation of two slightly different retinal images from eyes

A

Stereoscopic vision

Chapter 12/13 (4 decks)

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