Chapter 12 Flashcards by cory pettus

Receptors that are widely distributed throughout the body. Skin various organs and joints

General senses

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Specialized receptors confined to structures in the head

Special senses

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Maintain homeostasis by providing information about the outside world and the internal environment

Senses

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Respond to the specific stimuli. Particularly sensitive to a certain type of environmental change and less sensitive to other stimuli. Allows the body to interpret sensory’s events

Sensory receptors

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Five types of sensory receptors in the body

Chemoreceptors
pain receptors (nociceptors)
Thermoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Photoreceptors

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Response to changes and chemical concentrations. Smell taste oxygen concentration

Chemoreceptors

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Response to tissue damage. Mechanical electrical and thermal energy

Painreceptors (nociceptors)

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Respond to minor changes in temperature

Thermoreceptors

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Respond to mechanical forces that distort receptor. Touch tension blood pressure stretch

Mechanoreceptors

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Respond to light. Eyes

Photoreceptors

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Occurs when an action potentials make the brain aware of a century event. Example awareness of pain

Sensation

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Occurs when brain interprets sensory impulse. Ex. Realizing that pain is a result of stepping on a tack

Perception

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Process in which cerebral cortex interprets sensation is being derived from certain receptors. Allows a person to locate the region of stimulation

Projection

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Ability to ignore an important or continuous stimuli. Best accomplished by thermoreceptors and olfactory receptors

Sensory adaptation

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Senses with small widespread sensory receptors associated with skin muscles joints and viscera

General senses

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Three groups of general senses

Exteroceptive senses
Interoceptive senses (visceroceptive)
Proprioceptive senses

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Senses associated with body surface. Examples touch pressure temperature and pain

Exteroceptive sense

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Senses is associated with changes in the viscera. Examples blood pressure stretching blood vessels

Interoceptive senses (visceroceptive)

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Senses associated with changes in muscles tendons and joints body position. Examples. stimulated when changing position or exercising

Proprioceptive senses

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Three types of mechanoreceptors respond to touch and pressure

Free nerve endings
Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles
Lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles

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Common epithelial tissues. Simplest receptors. Sense itching another sensations

Free nerve endings

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Abundant in hairless portions of skin and lips. Detect phone touch and texture. Distinguish between two points

Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles

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Nerve endings encased in large ellipsoidal structures. Common in deeper subcutaneous tissues tendons and ligaments. Detect heavy pressure and vibrations

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpsucles

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Two types of temperature receptors (thermoreceptors)

Warm receptors
Cold receptors

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Sensitive to temperatures above 25°C. Unresponsive to temperatures above 45°C

Warm receptors

Sensitive to temperature is between 10° and 20°C

Cold receptors

Consists of free nerve endings in skin senses warm and cold

Thermoreceptors

Consists of free nerve endings. Widely distributed. Stimulated by tissue damage chemicals mechanical forces or extremes in temperature and oxygen deficiency. Produce freezing sensation below 10°C. Produce burning sensation temperatures above 45°C

Pain receptors

Visceral pain my feel as if it’s coming from some other part of the body this is called

Referred pain

Only receptors in viscera who’s stimulation produces sensations

Pain receptors

Referred pain results from __________, In which sensory impulses from the visceral organ and a certain area of the skin synapse with the same neuron in the CNS

Common nerve pathways

Begins sensation of pain

Thalamus

Judges intensity of pain. Locate source of pain. Produces emotional and motor response to pain. Emotional response involves limbic system

Cerebral cortex

Regulates the flow of impulses from spinal cord

Gray matter in brainstem

Three pain inhibiting substances produced in the body

Enkephalins Serotonin Endorphins

Mechanoreceptors that send information to CNS about body position and length intention of skeletal muscles

Proprioceptors

Three main types of proprioreceptors

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles muscle spindles Golgi tendon organs

Pressure receptors and joints

Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles

Stretch receptors in skeletal muscles. Initiate stretch reflex and which spindle stretch causes muscle contraction

Muscle spindles

Stretch receptors and tendons. Stimulate reflexes that oppose stretch reflexes. Help maintain posture and protect muscle attachment from being pulled loose

Golgi tendon organs

Senses that have sensory receptors and are within large complex sensory organs in the head

Special senses

Four special senses

Smell Taste Hearing and equilibrium Sight

Sense of smell

Olfaction

Receptor cells that are chemoreceptors. Respond to chemicals dissolved in liquids

Olfactory receptors

Contain olfactory cells and supporting epithelial cells. Cover upper parts of nasal cavity superior nasal conchae and a portion of the nasal septum

Olfactory organs

Olfactory nerve – olfactory bulbs – olfactory tracks – limbic system(for emotions)and olfactory cortex(for interpretation) (pathway)

Olfactory pathways

Sense of taste

Gustation

Organs of taste located on papillae of tongue roof of mouth lining of cheeks and walls of pharynx

Taste buds

Chemo receptors, modified epithelial cells that function as receptors. Microvilli that protrude from taste cells through pores of taste buds; sensitive parts of taste cells. Replaced every three days

Taste receptors

Five primary taste sensations

Sweet Sour Salty Bitter umami

Taste stimulated by carbohydrates

Sweet

Taste stimulated by acids

Sour

Taste stimulated by salts

Salty

Taste stimulated by organic compounds. Magnesium and calcium salts

Bitter

Stimulated by some amino acids. MSG

Umami

Food that may stimulate a class of pain receptors

Spicy

Organ of hearing and equilibrium

Ear

Three sections of the ear

Outer/ external ear Middle ear Inner/ internal ear

Parts of the outer ear (3)

Auricle (pinna) External acoustic meatus Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Funnel shaped collects sound waves

Auricle (pinna)

S shape tube. Line with ceruminous glands. Carries sound to tympanic membrane. terminates at tympanic membrane

External acoustic meatus

Vibrates in response to sound waves

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Parts of the middle ear

Tympanic cavity auditory ossicles Oval window

Air filled space in temporal bone

Tympanic cavity

Three tiny bones. Vibrate in response to tympanic membrane amplify force.

Auditory ossicles

Opening in wall of tympanic cavity. Stapes vibrates against it to move fluids in inner ear

Oval window

Connects the middle ear to throat. Helps maintain equal air pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane

Auditory (eustachian) tube

Two types of labyrinths in the inner ear

Osseous (bony)labyrinth Membranous labyrinth

Bony canal and temporal bone filled with fluid called perilymph

Osseous (bony)labyrinth

Tube of similar shape that lies within osseous labyrinth. Filled with fluid called endolymph

Membranous labyrinth

Three portions of labyrinths

Cochlea Semicircular canals Vestibule

Functions in hearing (portion of labyrinths)

cochlea

Functions and dynamic equilibrium (portion of labyrinth)

Semicircular canals

Functions in static equilibrium (portion of labyrinths)

Vestibule

Two membrane covered windows in the wall of the bony labyrinth

Oval window Round window

Opening in the wall of the Tympanic cavity through which the steps transfers vibrations to the fluid of the inner ear

Oval windows

Window in the wall of the inner ear facing the tympanic cavity. Dissipates excess vibrations into the tympanic cavity

Round window

Cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve to medulla oblongata to mid brain to thalamus to auditory cortex and temporal lobe of the cerebral (pathway)

Auditory pathway

Feeling of equilibrium/balance is derived from two senses which are

Static equilibrium Dynamic equilibrium

Sense position of head when body is not moving. Receptors are found in vestibule of inner ear

Static equilibrium

Senses rotation and movement of head and body. Receptors are found in semi circular canals

Dynamic equilibrium

Eyelids (palpebrae) composed of four layers which are

Skin Muscle Connective tissue Conjunctiva

Thinnest in the body (eyelid)

Skin

Orbicularis oculi closest eyelid levitate or palpebrae superioris muscle opens it (part of eyelids)

Muscle

Contains tarsal glands which secrete oil onto eyelashes (part of eyelid)

Connective tissue

Mucous membrane that lines eyelid and covers portion of eyeball (part of eyelid)

Conjunctiva

Five portions of lacrimal apparatus

Lacrimal gland Canaliculi lacrimal sac Nasolacrimal duct Lysozyme

In orbit lateral to eye, secretes tears

Lacrimal gland

Two ducts that collect tears

Canaliculi

Collects tears from canaliculi. Lies and groove and lacrimal bone

Lacrimal sac

Collects from lacrimal sac. Empties tears into nasal cavity

Nasolacrimal duct

Antibacterial component of tears

Lysozyme

Six intrinsic eye muscles for eye movement

Superior rectus Inferior rectus medial rectus Lateral rectus Superior oblique Inferior oblique

Rotate eye up and medially (muscle)

Superior rectus

Rotate eye down and immediately (muscle)

Inferior rectus

Rotates eye medically (muscle)

Medial rectus

Rotate eye laterally (muscle)

Lateral rectus

Rotate eye down and laterally (muscle)

Superior oblique

Rotates eye up and laterally (muscle)

Inferior oblique

Hollow spherical organ of sight

Eye

Three layers that make up the wall of the eye

Outer (fibrous) tunic Middle (vascular) tunic Inner (nervous) tunic

The outer fibrous tunic consists of

Cornea Sclera

Anterior 1/6. Transparent window of eye helps focus light rays transmits and refracts light

Cornea

Posterior 5/6 white opaque tough. Protects eye, attaches muscles. Is pierced by optic nerves and blood vessels

Sclera

The middle of vascular tunic of the eye consists of

Choroid coat ciliary body Iris

Posterior 5/6, Provides a blood supply contains melanocytes Moanin absorbs extra light

Choroid coat

Anterior portion. Thickest portion pigmented. Forms ring to hold lens changes lens shape for focusing. Contain ciliary muscles to move lens and radiating folds

Ciliary body

Anterior to ciliary body in front of lens. Pigmented. Controls light entering eye

Iris

Transparent biconvex lies behind Iris and elastic. Held in place by suspensory ligament of ciliary body. Helps focus light rays

Lens

Window or opening and sent her a virus. Dim light stimulates radio muscles and dilates. Bright light stimulates circular muscles and constricts

Pupil

Fluid in anterior cavity of eye. Secreted by epithelium on inner surface of the ciliary body. Provides nutrients and maintains shape of anterior portion of eye. Leaves cavity through sclera venous sinus

Aqueous humor

Space enclosed lens ciliary body and retina. Contains vitreous humor a thick gel that holds front and a flat against choroid coat and helps maintain shape of eye.

Posterior cavity

Long thin projections. Contain light sensitive pigment called rhodopsin. Provide vision in dim light. Produce version without color in shades of gray. Produce outlines of objects

Rods

Short blunt projections. Contain light sensitive pigments erythrolabe, chlorolabe, and cyanolabe. Provide sharp images produce color vision

Cones

Response to red light

Erythrolabe

Responds to green light

Chlorolabe

Responds to blue light

Cyanolabe

Light-sensitive pigments in discs of cones

Iodopsins

Provides perception of distance depth height and width of objects. Results from formation of two slightly different retinal images from eyes

Stereoscopic vision