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Bio 93: Exam 3 > Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the purpose of cell division?

A
  • Reproduction
  • Growth and Development
  • Tissue Renewal
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2
Q

What is the genome?

A

All of the cell’s DNA content

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3
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

One strand of DNA that holds genetic material

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4
Q

What is a chromatin?

A

A complex (group) of DNA and protein

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5
Q

What is a gene?

A

Region of DNA that encodes a trait

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6
Q

What is the difference between the centromere and the cohesin protein?

A

Centromere - area where chromatids are joined

Cohesin protein - the protein holding them together

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7
Q

What are the 6 stages of cell division?

A
  1. Interphase
  2. G1
  3. S phase
  4. G2
  5. Mitosis
  6. Cytokinesis
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8
Q

What is interphase?

A

When the cell is just living life

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9
Q

What is G1 phase?

A

(Part of interphase)

  • when the cell grows a bit larger

(Preparation for cell division)

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10
Q

What is S phase?

A

When the cell copies its DNA content

  • One chromosome inside the nucleus will duplicate and produce sister chromatids (still one chromosome)
  • These two chromatids are connected by centromere
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11
Q

What is G2 phase?

A
  • Cell grows even more

- Checking that there are no mistakes in the copying of DNA

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12
Q

What is Mitosis and what are the 4 steps?

A

Cell division

PpMAT

Prophase (prometaphase)
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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13
Q

What is Prophase?

A
  • The duplicated chromatin condense

- Mitotic Spindle forms

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14
Q

What is Prometaphase?

A
  • Centrosomes at ends of spindles go towards the spindle poles
  • Spindles contain microtubules and start attaching to the chromosomes
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15
Q

Prometaphase:

What is the centromere called?

What is the mitotic spindle called?

A

Centromere is called Kinetichore

Spindle is called Kinetochore Microtubule

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16
Q

What is Metaphase?

A
  • Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate
17
Q

What is Anaphase?

A

Cohesins are cleaved and the Kinetochore Microtubules pull the daughter chromosomes towards the poles

18
Q

What is Telophase and Cytokinesis?

A

Telophase - Two nuclei form around the two sets of chromosomes

Cytokinesis - the cleavage furrow punches the cell into two

19
Q

In Anaphase, how do the Kinetochore microtubules pull the daughter chromosomes to the poles?

A

The Kinetochores have motor proteins in them and the Kinetochore Microtubules walk towards the poles and pull the cargo (chromosomes) in that direction

20
Q

Which is positive and negative? The spindle poles or the metaphase plate?

A

The spindle poles are negative

The metaphase plate is positive

21
Q

Does the motor protein walk towards the positive or negative end of the Kinetochore microtubule?

A

Negative

22
Q

In plant cells, Cytokinesis cannot occur because of the cell wall. What happens instead?

A
  • The cell wall deposits vesicles through the center of the cell and forms a cell plate
  • This cell plate becomes a new cell wall, and the cell is divided
23
Q

Name the 4 types of signaling that could tell a cell when to divide.

A
  • GPCR (g protein coupled receptors)
  • RTK (receptor tyrosine kinase)
  • Intracellular
  • Ion Channels
24
Q

Explain the concept of checkpoints, cyclins and cdks.

A
  • Cdks (cyclin-dependent kinases) are always inactive and present in the cell
  • When a cell passes a checkpoint and everything looks ok, Cdks are activated by specific cyclins
  • Cdks phosphorylate proteins, which allow DNA replication / mitosis
25
Q

What are two causes of cancer?

A
  • Uncontrolled cell growth

- Damaged cells pass the checkpoints (leading to more reproduction of these cells and more mistakes are made)

26
Q

What are 3 possible reasons for uncontrolled cell growth?

A
  • signaling from a GPCR even though there’s no stimulating ligand present
  • RTKs that are stuck in dimerized form
  • Over expression of cyclin that regulates entry into mitosis

Bio 93: Exam 3 (7 decks)

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