Chapter 12 - Special Structures and Design Features Flashcards
- Any building that requires fire fighting on levels above the reach of the department’s equipment, often generally given as a building more than _____ feet in height.
High-rise building / 75
p 340
High rise buildings:
The height is measured from the lowest level of emergency vehicle _________ to the ________ of the highest occupied story.
access / floor
p 340
Early high rise buildings:
These buildings were made possible (and practical) by two developments: ______-______ construction and the __________.
steel-frame / elevator
p 341
Today, high rise buildings are of _____-____________ construction. Often a high rise building will be constructed of a combination of reinforced _________ and a protected ________ frame.
fire-resistive / concrete / steel
p 343
High rise construction:
Typically, model building codes require ___ or ___ hour fire resistance for the structural frame of a high rise building depending on the number of stories and occupancy, and ____ hour fire resistive rating for floor construction.
2 or 3 / 2
p 343
High rise construction
Significant __________ failure in high-rise buildings is extremely rare.
structural
p 343
All model building codes require smokeproof exit enclosures in all stairs serving floors _____ feet or higher. Entrance to these stairways must be made through an open _________ or pressurized ___________.
75 / balcony / vestibule
p 346
Typically, a fire command center is located on the ______ floor or level of fire department ________.
first / access
p 347
In a ________ _____ configuration such building services as elevators, stairwells, and service shafts are grouped in the center of the floor.
central core
p 348
Safety during emergency elevator use:
- Do not use an elevator to travel to the ______ _______ - stay below the ______ ________ according to SOPs.
- Never use an elevator that has been exposed to _______.
- fire floor / fire floor
- water
p 349
- Emergency operating mode for elevators. This mode of operation recalls the car to a certain floor and opens the doors.
Phase 1 Operation
p 350
Phase I operations
Codes contain mandatory provisions for the recall of all passenger elevators with vertical travel greater than _____ feet in the event of fire.
25 feet
p 350
Phase I operation is designed to prevent the deaths of civilians who may find themselves in an elevator that is called to the ______ ________, as happened in high rise fires in the 1970s.
fire floor
p 350
Phase I operation automatically stops all the cars that serve the fire floor if they are moving away from their ________ floor.
terminal (the lobby)
p 350
Phase I operation opens the _____ _______ and keeps them open when the car reaches the recall floor.
car doors
p 350
During Phase I operation, the elevator car’s ___________ ______ and _______ __________ buttons are rendered inoperable so that car occupants who may be unaware of the fire or emergency cannot stop the car anywhere but at the terminal floor.
emergency stop / floor selection
p 350
- Emergency elevator operating mode that allows emergency use of the elevator with certain safeguards and special functions.
Phase II Operation
p 351
Elevators
The codes specify that all new elevators must be equipped for _______ ____ operation.
Phase II
p 351
Elevators
During this phase an elevator becomes essentially a manually operated elevator ?
Phase II operations
p 351
The _________ ______ safety which prevents the doors from closing if there is a person or smoke in the doorway, is disabled during Phase II operations. This is done so the car doors can be closed and the car moved if it inadvertently stops at a _______-_______ floor.
electric eye / smoke-filled
p 351
The ____________ ______ button that was inoperable in Phase I should be operable during Phase II.
emergency stop
p 351
An underground building is defined by some codes as one in which the lowest level used for human occupancy is ____ feet below the main exit that serves that level.
30
p 352
With the current trend toward ____________ (_________) building design, there are many more underground buildings being built or planned.
sustainable (green)
p 352
The difficulty in __________ ______ and _________ is probably the greatest single challenge in controlling fires in underground buildings.
venting heat and smoke
p 352
____________ enclosures are now required for buildings with levels more than _____ feet below level of exit discharge.
Smokeproof / 30
p 353
The structural support system of an underground facility is ___________ compared to the framing systems used for above ground buildings.
massive
p 354
A ____________ structure is a building having its exterior skin consist of a thin “waterproof” fabric.
membrane
p 355
- Membrane structure that is fully or partially held up by interior air pressure.
Air-supported structure
p 356
Detention and correctional facilities:
Where evacuation is a last resort, it is necessary to apply the concept of _______-___-________ similar to the approach used for hospitals.
defend-in-place
p 360
- Procedures taken to shelter persons from harm during an emergency without evacuating them from a structure. Used especially in hospitals and prisons.
Defend in place
p 360
- Open area in the center of a building, extending through two or more stories, similar to a courtyard but usually covered by a skylight, to allow natural light and ventilation to interior rooms.
Atrium
p 362
The building codes have a basic requirement that an atrium be enclosed with ___ hour fire rated construction or a combination of _______ and automatic sprinklers.
1 / glass
p 362
Atriums
A ________ __________ system is required to vent the products of combustion to the outside whether floors are enclosed or not.
smoke control
p 362
Large, open areas like this university atrium require an active smoke control system because of the extended length of time it may take to ___________ the structure and gain access to the fire.
evacuate
p 363
Atriums
Providing adequate fire protection in a building with an atrium is complicated by the height of many atriums, which can extend up to _____ stories or more.
50
p 363-364
Atriums
Some codes now waive the requirements for sprinklers where the ceilings of atriums are more than _____ feet above the floor.
55
p 364
- A physical or chemical process that results in the rapid release of high pressure gas into the environment.
Explosion
p 364
An ___________ can be defined as an event that produces a rapid release of energy.
explosion
p 364
Explosions
The sudden release of energy produces outward pressures, often referred to as ________ ________.
blast waves
p 364
Two general methods can be employed to reduce the structural damage from an explosion: ____________ or ___________.
containment or venting
p 365
In _____________, the building enclosure is constructed with adequate reinforcement to contain the pressure resulting from an explosion without failure.
containment
p 365
Explosion __________ is designed to quickly relieve the pressure produced by an explosion before it causes excessive damage.
venting
p 365
Ideally, explosion vent panels should not weigh more than ____ pounds per square foot.
3
p 366
Areas of refuge:
Generally, the area of refuge is designed to accommodate _____ or _____ wheelchairs, depending on the occupant load served.
one or two
p 367
______ _________ varies from the simple use of forklifts positioning pallets in the racks to specialized automated warehouses in which unmanned pickers or stackers handle large commodities.
Rack storage
p 368
Storage racks can vary from two or three tiers with a total height of just ____ feet to in excess of _____ feet.
12 / 100
p 368
Storage racks can vary from two or three tiers with a total height of just ____ feet to in excess of _____ feet.
12 / 100
p 368
