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Biol 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 12 Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System

A

The body’s control and communication network, consisting of the CNS and PNS.

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2
Q

Neurology

A

Study of the nervous system, its functions, and disorders.

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3
Q

Neurologist

A

A medical doctor specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of nervous system disorders.

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4
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Composed of the brain and spinal cord; processes information.

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5
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Network of nerves outside the CNS, connecting it to the body.

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6
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of axons in the PNS transmitting signals.

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7
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the brain.

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8
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

31 pairs of nerves that emerge from the spinal cord.

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9
Q

Sensory Receptor

A

A structure detecting environmental changes (stimuli).

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10
Q

Sensory (Afferent) Division

A

Transmits sensory signals to the CNS.

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11
Q

Somatic Senses

A

Senses like touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception.

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12
Q

Motor (Efferent) Division

A

Sends motor commands from CNS to effectors.

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13
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

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14
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Regulates involuntary functions (e.g., heart rate, digestion).

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15
Q

Voluntary

A

Under conscious control (e.g., skeletal muscle movement).

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16
Q

Involuntary

A

Not under conscious control (e.g., heart rate).

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17
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Activates “fight or flight” responses.

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18
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Promotes “rest and digest” functions.

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19
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A

Regulates gastrointestinal functions independently of CNS.

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20
Q

Sensory Function

A

Detects changes in the environment.

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21
Q

Integrative Function

A

Processes sensory input and makes decisions.

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22
Q

Integration

A

Combining sensory information to generate a response.

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23
Q

Motor Function

A

Activates effectors like muscles or glands.

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24
Q

Neurons

A

Specialized cells transmitting electrical signals.

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25
Q

Electrical Excitability

A

Ability to respond to a stimulus with an action potential.

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26
Q

Stimulus

A

Any change that triggers a response in a neuron.

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27
Q

Action Potential

A

Electrical signal traveling along a neuron.

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28
Q

Cell Body

A

Main part of a neuron containing the nucleus.

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29
Q

Nissl Bodies

A

Rough ER in neurons for protein synthesis.

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30
Q

Dendrites

A

Extensions receiving incoming signals.

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31
Q

Axon

A

Single extension transmitting signals away from the cell body.

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32
Q

Neurofibrils

A

Cytoskeletal filaments providing neuron support.

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33
Q

Microtubules

A

Transport materials within the neuron.

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34
Q

Lipofuscin

A

Aging pigment in neuron cell bodies.

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35
Q

Ganglion

A

Cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS.

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36
Q

Axon Hillock

A

Cone-shaped region connecting the cell body and axon.

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37
Q

Initial Segment

A

First part of the axon, initiating action potentials.

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38
Q

Trigger Zone

A

Area where action potentials are generated.

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39
Q

Axoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of the axon.

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40
Q

Axolemma

A

Plasma membrane of the axon.

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41
Q

Axon Collaterals

A

Side branches of an axon.

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42
Q

Axon Terminals (Telodendria)

A

End branches of an axon.

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43
Q

Synapse

A

Junction where neurons communicate.

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44
Q

Synaptic End Bulbs

A

Swollen tips of axon terminals storing neurotransmitters.

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45
Q

Varicosities

A

Swellings on axons releasing neurotransmitters.

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46
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

Store neurotransmitters in axon terminals.

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47
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals transmitting signals across synapses.

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48
Q

Slow Axonal Transport

A

Moves materials slowly within the axon.

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49
Q

Fast Axonal Transport

A

Quickly moves materials along microtubules.

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50
Q

Anterograde

A

Movement from cell body to axon terminals.

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51
Q

Retrograde

A

Movement from axon terminals to cell body.

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52
Q

Multipolar Neurons

A

Many dendrites and one axon (common in CNS).

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53
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A

One dendrite and one axon (e.g., in retina).

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54
Q

Unipolar Neurons

A

Single process splitting into axon and dendrite.

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55
Q

Purkinje Cells

A

Large neurons in the cerebellum.

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56
Q

Pyramidal Cells

A

Found in the cerebral cortex, triangular-shaped.

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57
Q

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

A

Carry signals to the CNS.

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58
Q

Interneurons (Association Neurons)

A

Process information between sensory and motor neurons.

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59
Q

Motor (Efferent) Neurons

A

Carry signals from CNS to effectors.

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60
Q

Effectors

A

Muscles or glands responding to motor commands.

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61
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supportive cells in the nervous system.

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62
Q

Gliomas

A

Tumors originating from neuroglia.

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63
Q

Astrocytes

A

Star-shaped cells supporting neurons, maintaining the blood-brain barrier.

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64
Q

Protoplasmic Astrocytes

A

Found in gray matter, providing structural support and nutrient exchange.

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65
Q

Fibrous Astrocytes

A

Found in white matter, supporting and repairing nervous tissue.

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66
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Form the myelin sheath around CNS axons.

67
Q

Microglial Cells (Microglia)

A

Phagocytic cells removing debris and pathogens in the CNS.

68
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Line brain ventricles and spinal cord, producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

69
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Produce myelin sheath around PNS axons; aid in regeneration.

70
Q

Satellite Cells

A

Surround neuron cell bodies in PNS ganglia, regulating their environment.

71
Q

Myelination

A

Insulation of axons by myelin sheath, increasing signal speed.

72
Q

Unmyelinated

A

Axons lacking myelin, leading to slower signal conduction.

73
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath allowing for saltatory conduction.

74
Q

Amount of Myelination

A

More myelination increases conduction speed.

75
Q

Axon Diameter

A

Larger diameter axons conduct signals faster.

76
Q

Temperature

A

Higher temperatures increase conduction speed.

77
Q

Nucleus

A

Cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS.

78
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of axons in the PNS.

79
Q

Tract

A

Bundle of axons in the CNS.

80
Q

White Matter

A

Myelinated axons in the CNS.

81
Q

Gray Matter

A

Unmyelinated axons, neuron cell bodies, and dendrites in the CNS.

82
Q

Graded Potentials

A

Small, localized changes in membrane potential; decremental.

83
Q

Action Potentials

A

Large, all-or-none signals propagating along axons.

84
Q

Functions of Graded and Action Potentials

A

Graded potentials trigger action potentials; action potentials transmit signals.

85
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

Voltage across a resting neuron membrane (-70 mV).

86
Q

Currents

A

Movement of charged particles across the membrane.

87
Q

Ion Channels

A

Proteins allowing ion movement; essential for electrical signals.

88
Q

Electrochemical Gradient

A

Combined concentration and electrical forces driving ion movement.

89
Q

Leak Channels

A

Passive channels allowing constant ion flow.

90
Q

Ligand-Gated Channels

A

Open in response to specific chemical signals.

91
Q

Mechanically-Gated Channels

A

Open in response to physical deformation of the membrane.

92
Q

Voltage-Gated Channels

A

Open in response to membrane potential changes.

93
Q

Polarized

A

Neuron membrane at resting potential.

94
Q

Unequal Ion Distribution

A

Higher Na⁺ outside and K⁺ inside the neuron.

95
Q

Inability of Anions to Leave

A

Large anions trapped inside the neuron contribute to negativity.

96
Q

Electrogenic Nature of Na⁺–Potassium ATPases

A

Pumps maintain ion gradients and resting potential.

97
Q

Hyperpolarizing Graded Potential

A

Membrane becomes more negative than resting potential.

98
Q

Depolarizing Graded Potential

A

Membrane becomes less negative, approaching threshold.

99
Q

Decremental Conduction

A

Graded potentials decrease in strength with distance.

100
Q

Summation

A

Graded potentials combine to influence action potential initiation.

101
Q

Depolarizing Phase

A

Na⁺ influx makes the membrane potential more positive.

102
Q

Repolarizing Phase

A

K⁺ efflux restores negative membrane potential.

103
Q

After-Hyperpolarizing Phase

A

Membrane potential becomes more negative than resting.

104
Q

Subthreshold Stimulus

A

Does not trigger an action potential.

105
Q

Threshold Stimulus

A

Minimum stimulus required to trigger an action potential.

106
Q

Suprathreshold Stimulus

A

Stronger stimulus causing multiple action potentials.

107
Q

Each Na⁺ Channel Has Two Gates

A

Activation and inactivation gates regulate Na⁺ flow.

108
Q

Refractory Period

A

Time during which another action potential cannot occur.

109
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

No action potential possible, regardless of stimulus.

110
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

Stronger stimulus can initiate an action potential.

111
Q

Propagation

A

Action potential travels along the axon.

112
Q

Continuous Conduction

A

Slow conduction in unmyelinated axons.

113
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Fast conduction in myelinated axons, jumping between nodes.

114
Q

A Fibers

A

Large, myelinated, fast-conducting axons.

115
Q

B Fibers

A

Medium, lightly myelinated, slower conduction.

116
Q

C Fibers

A

Small, unmyelinated, slowest conduction.

117
Q

Presynaptic Neuron

A

Sends the signal at a synapse.

118
Q

Postsynaptic Cell

A

Receives the signal; can be a neuron or effector.

119
Q

Axodendritic

A

Synapse between an axon and a dendrite.

120
Q

Axosomatic

A

Synapse between an axon and a cell body.

121
Q

Axoaxonic

A

Synapse between two axons.

122
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Direct connections allowing ion flow between cells.

123
Q

Connexons

A

Protein channels in gap junctions.

124
Q

Faster Communication

A

Electrical synapses are quicker than chemical ones.

125
Q

Synchronization

A

Electrical signals synchronize cell activity.

126
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

Space between presynaptic and postsynaptic cells.

127
Q

Postsynaptic Potential

A

Change in membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell.

128
Q

Synaptic Delay

A

Time for signal transfer across the cleft.

129
Q

Process at a Chemical Synapse

A

Involves neurotransmitter release and receptor binding.

130
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential

A

Depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane.

131
Q

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential

A

Hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane.

132
Q

Ionotropic Receptors

A

Ligand-gated ion channels for rapid responses.

133
Q

Metabotropic Receptors

A

G-protein-coupled receptors for slower, longer-lasting effects.

134
Q

Removal of the Neurotransmitter

A

Achieved by diffusion, enzymatic degradation, or uptake.

135
Q

Diffusion

A

Neurotransmitter drifts away from the synaptic cleft.

136
Q

Enzymatic Degradation

A

Enzymes break down neurotransmitters.

137
Q

Uptake by Cells

A

Transporters reabsorb neurotransmitters.

138
Q

Spatial Summation

A

Multiple presynaptic neurons contribute to the postsynaptic potential.

139
Q

Temporal Summation

A

Rapid signals from one neuron add up to trigger a response.

140
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential

A

a depolarizing postsynaptic potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential.

141
Q

Nerve Impulse

A

the electrical signal transmitted along a neuron, caused by the movement of ions across the neuronal membrane.

142
Q

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential

A

a hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron less likely to fire an action potential.

143
Q

Dendrites

A

receive incoming signals from other neurons and convey them to the cell body.

144
Q

Cell Body

A

contains the nucleus and organelles, integrating incoming signals and supporting cell metabolism.

145
Q

Axon Hillock

A

the region where nerve impulses are initiated, integrating signals to determine if an action potential will occur.

146
Q

Initial Segment

A

the part of the axon closest to the axon hillock where action potentials are first generated.

147
Q

Axon

A

transmits electrical signals from the cell body to the axon terminals.

148
Q

Axon Terminals

A

release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft to communicate with other neurons or effectors.

149
Q

Synaptic End Bulbs

A

structures at the end of axon terminals containing synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters.

150
Q

Neurosecretory

A

neurons that release hormones directly into the bloodstream.

151
Q

Acetylcholine

A

a neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction and various neural pathways.

152
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft to terminate its action.

153
Q

Amino Acids as neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate, aspartate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glycine

154
Q

Biogenic Amines

A

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

155
Q

Catecholamines

A

a group of biogenic amines that include dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.

156
Q

Serotonin

A

regulates mood, appetite, and sleep.

157
Q

ATP and Other Purines as neurotransmitters

A

ADP and adenosine function as neurotransmitters in the nervous system, often in synaptic signaling.

158
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

acts as a neurotransmitter and signaling molecule, involved in vasodilation and neural communication.

159
Q

Neuropeptide examples

A

Enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins (pain regulation), and substance P (pain transmission).

160
Q

Neural Circuits types

A

Simple series circuit, diverging circuit, converging circuit, reverberating circuit, and parallel after-discharge circuit.

161
Q

Plasticity

A

the ability of the nervous system to change and adapt, such as forming new synaptic connections.

162
Q

Neurogenesis

A

the formation of new neurons from neural stem cells.

163
Q

Regeneration Tube

A

a structure formed by Schwann cells to guide the regrowth of axons after injury.

Biol 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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