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Biol 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Telencephalon

A

The largest part of the brain that develops into the cerebrum, responsible for higher cognitive functions, voluntary movement, and sensory processing.

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2
Q

Diencephalon

A

Part of the brain that develops into the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus, involved in sensory processing, regulation of autonomic functions, and hormone control.

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3
Q

Mesencephalon

A

aka the Midbrain; responsible for auditory, visual reflexes, and motor control / regulation of alertness.

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4
Q

Metencephalon

A

Develops into the pons and cerebellum; involved in motor control, coordination, and some sensory functions

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5
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Hindbrain that develops into the medulla oblongata; autonomic functions like heart rate and breathing.

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6
Q

Brainstem

A

Stem-like structure; connects the brain to the spinal cord; comprising the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata; responsible for breathing and heart rate.

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7
Q

Cerebellum

A

At the back of the brain; coordination of voluntary movements, balance, and motor learning.

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8
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of the brain; conscious thought, perception, voluntary movement, and higher cognitive functions.

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9
Q

Cranial Meninges

A

Protective layers of connective tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

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10
Q

Dura Mater

A

Outermost, tough layer of the meninges; provides protection to the brain and spinal cord.

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11
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Middle layer of the meninges; web-like structure; contains the subarachnoid space; filled with CSF

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12
Q

Pia Mater

A

Innermost layer of the meninges; in direct contact with the brain and spinal cord; contains blood vessels that nourish the CNS.

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13
Q

Periosteal Layer

A

Outer layer of the dura mater; attached to the inner surface of the skull; provides structural support.

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14
Q

Meningeal Layer

A

Inner layer of the dura mater, folds inward to form structures like the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli.

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15
Q

Falx Cerebri

A

Crescent-shaped fold of the dura mater; separates the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain.

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16
Q

Falx Cerebelli

A

Fold of the dura mater; separates the hemispheres of the cerebellum

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17
Q

Tentorium Cerebelli

A

A structure formed by the dura mater; separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum.

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18
Q

Brain Blood Flow

A

Supplied by the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, and drained by the venous sinuses.

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19
Q

Blood–Brain Barrier

A

A selective permeability barrier formed by endothelial cells in the brain’s capillaries; limits the passage of substances from the bloodstream into the brain to protect it from toxins.

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20
Q

CSF

A

A clear fluid that surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord; provides mechanical protection, nutrient delivery, and waste removal.

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21
Q

Lateral Ventricles

A

The two largest ventricles in the brain; in each cerebral hemisphere, responsible for producing and circulating CSF.

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22
Q

Septum Pellucidum

A

A thin membrane; separates the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain.

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23
Q

Third Ventricle

A

A narrow, midline cavity in the brain; between the left and right thalamus, filled with CSF.

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24
Q

Fourth Ventricle

A

A diamond-shaped cavity between the pons and cerebellum; connects with the central canal of the spinal cord and the subarachnoid space.

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25
Q

Functions of CSF

A

Provides mechanical protection, chemical protection, circulation of nutrients, and waste removal for the brain and spinal cord.

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26
Q

Mechanical Protection (of CSF)

A

CSF cushions the brain; reduces impact of external forces and protecting against injury.

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27
Q

Chemical Protection (of CSF)

A

Maintains a stable chemical environment for the brain, aiding in nutrient and waste exchange.

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28
Q

Circulation (of CSF)

A

Circulates through the ventricles, subarachnoid space, and around the spinal cord, providing continuous flow for nutrient delivery and waste removal.

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29
Q

Formation of CSF in the Ventricles

A

Produced by choroid plexuses in the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles; where blood plasma is filtered to create CSF.

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30
Q

Choroid Plexuses

A

Specialized tissue in the ventricles of the brain; produces CSF by filtering blood plasma.

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31
Q

Blood–CSF Barrier

A

Formed by choroid plexus epithelium; prevents harmful substances from passing from the blood into the CSF.

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32
Q

Circulation of CSF

A

From the lateral ventricles > the interventricular foramina > the third ventricle > the aqueduct of the midbrain > the fourth ventricle > the subarachnoid space.

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33
Q

Interventricular Foramina

A

Small openings that connect the two lateral and third ventricles for CSF circulation.

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34
Q

Aqueduct of the Midbrain

A

A narrow channel that connects the third and fourth ventricles, allows CSF to flow between them.

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35
Q

Median Aperture

A

An opening in the fourth ventricle for CSF to flow into the subarachnoid space.

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36
Q

Lateral Apertures

A

Openings in the fourth ventricle for CSF to flow into the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord.

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37
Q

Superior Sagittal Sinus

A

A large venous sinus running along the midline of the brain that drains CSF and venous blood.

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38
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Lower portion of the brainstem; for autonomic functions like heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.

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39
Q

Pyramids

A

Paired structures in the medulla oblongata; contain descending motor fibers of the corticospinal tract.

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40
Q

Decussation of Pyramids

A

Crossing of motor fibers from one side of the brain to the opposite side in the medulla oblongata; for contralateral motor control.

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41
Q

Nuclei

A

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the brain and spinal cord; processes sensory and motor information.

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42
Q

Cardiovascular Center

A

A region of the medulla oblongata; regulates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, and blood pressure.

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43
Q

Medullary Respiratory Center

A

In the medulla oblongata; regulates the rate and depth of breathing.

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44
Q

Vomiting Center

A

C=in the brainstem; coordinates the act of vomiting in response to various stimuli.

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45
Q

Deglutition Center

A

In the medulla oblongata; coordinates swallowing reflexes.

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46
Q

Olive

A

A prominent structure in the medulla oblongata; involved in motor learning and coordination.

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47
Q

Inferior Olivary Nucleus

A

In the medulla oblongata; plays a role in motor control and cerebellar function.

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48
Q

Gracile Nucleus

A

In the medulla oblongata; processes sensory information from the lower body, like touch and proprioception.

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49
Q

Cuneate Nucleus

A

In the medulla oblongata; processes sensory information from the upper body.

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50
Q

Medial Lemniscus

A

Sensory pathway in the brainstem; carries touch and proprioceptive information from the body to the thalamus.

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51
Q

Posterior Column–Medial Lemniscus Pathway

A

Sensory pathway; transmits tactile and proprioceptive information from the body to the thalamus and cerebral cortex for processing

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52
Q

Gustatory Nucleus

A

Group of neurons in the medulla oblongata; processes taste information from the tongue.

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53
Q

Cochlear Nuclei

A

Nuclei in the brainstem; processes auditory information from the cochlea.

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54
Q

Vestibular Nuclei

A

Nuclei in the brainstem; processes information related to balance and spatial orientation from the inner ear.

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55
Q

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerves

A

Cranial nerves; transmits auditory and balance information from the inner ear to the brain.

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56
Q

Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerves

A

Cranial nerves; carry sensory and motor information, like taste, from the posterior third of the tongue, throat, and ear area.

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57
Q

Vagus (X) Nerves

A

Cranial nerves; innervate the neck, thorax, and abdomen; contributes to parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract.

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58
Q

Accessory (XI) Nerves (Cranial Portion)

A

Cranial nerves; innervate muscles in head and shoulder movement.

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59
Q

Hypoglossal (XII) Nerves

A

Cranial nerves; controls muscles of the tongue; contributes to speech and swallowing.

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60
Q

Pons

A

A portion of the brainstem; connects the medulla oblongata to the midbrain; regulates vital functions like breathing and communication between different parts of the brain.

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61
Q

Pontine Nuclei

A

Nuclei in the pons; relays signals between the cerebrum and cerebellum for coordination of movement.

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62
Q

Pontine Respiratory Group

A

A group of neurons in the pons; regulates rhythm and rate of breathing.

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63
Q

Trigeminal (V) Nerves

A

Cranial nerves; sensory information from the face and motor control for chewing.

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64
Q

Abducens (VI) Nerves

A

Cranial nerves; controls lateral rectus muscle; enables lateral eye movement.

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65
Q

Facial (VII) Nerves

A

Cranial nerves; controls facial expressions, taste sensation on the anterior part of the tongue, and some functions of the salivary glands.

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66
Q

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerves

A

Cranial nerves; hearing and balance, transmitting information from the cochlea and vestibular apparatus of the inner ear.

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67
Q

Midbrain

A

Uppermost part of the brainstem; motor movement, visual and auditory processing, and regulating alertness.

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68
Q

Cerebral Peduncles

A

Bundles of nerve fibers; connect the brainstem to the cerebrum; transmits motor and sensory information.

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69
Q

Tectum

A

Dorsal part of the midbrain; processes visual and auditory reflexes.

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70
Q

Superior Colliculi

A

Paired structures in the midbrain; controls visual reflexes and eye movements.

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71
Q

Inferior Colliculi

A

Paired structures in the midbrain; processes auditory information and sound localization.

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72
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Structure in the midbrain; production of dopamine; plays a role in movement control and reward.

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73
Q

Red Nuclei

A

Nuclei in the midbrain; motor coordination and regulation of muscle tone.

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74
Q

Oculomotor (III) Nerves

A

Cranial nerves; controls most of the eye’s movements, pupil constriction, and eyelid elevation.

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75
Q

Trochlear (IV) Nerves

A

Cranial nerves; controls the superior oblique eye muscle; for downward and inward eye movement.

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76
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Network of neurons in the brainstem; regulates wakefulness, sleep, and sensory processing.

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77
Q

Reticular Activating System

A

Part of the reticular formation; maintains consciousness and alertness.

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78
Q

Consciousness

A

State of awareness and responsiveness to internal and external stimuli.

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79
Q

Arousal

A

Physiological state of being awake and alert, influenced by the reticular activating system.

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80
Q

Attention

A

Mental focus on specific stimuli or tasks; regulated by the reticular activating system.

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81
Q

Sensory Overload

A

The brain is unable to process and respond to the large amount of sensory input; leads to stress or confusion.

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82
Q

Sleep

A

Natural state of rest and reduced responsiveness; cycles of REM and non-REM sleep.

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83
Q

Coma

A

Prolonged state of unconsciousness; person is unresponsive to external stimuli and cannot be awakened.

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84
Q

Muscle Tone

A

Continuous and passive partial contraction of muscles; for posture and movement.

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85
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates voluntary movements, balance, and motor control.

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86
Q

Transverse Fissure

A

Groove separating the cerebellum and cerebrum.

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87
Q

Vermis

A

Central part of the cerebellum; connects the cerebellar hemispheres; plays a role in posture and coordination.

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88
Q

Cerebellar Hemispheres

A

The two lateral parts of the cerebellum responsible for coordinating voluntary movements and balance.

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89
Q

Anterior Lobe

A

Front part of the cerebellum; regulates movement and muscle tone.

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90
Q

Posterior Lobe

A

Back of cerebellum; coordinates voluntary movements and fine motor skills.

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91
Q

Flocculonodular Lobe

A

Part of the cerebellum; balance and eye movements.

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92
Q

Cerebellar Cortex

A

Outer layer of the cerebellum; processes information for motor control and coordination.

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93
Q

Folia

A

Ridges or folds of the cerebellum’s cortex; increases its surface area for processing.

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94
Q

Arbor Vitae

A

White matter of the cerebellum; tree-like appearance; transmits signals between different parts of the cerebellum.

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95
Q

Cerebellar Nuclei

A

Clusters of neurons in the cerebellum; sends out signals to other parts of the brain and spinal cord.

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96
Q

Superior Cerebellar Peduncles

A

Fiber tracts; connects the cerebellum to the midbrain; facilitates communication between the cerebellum and brain.

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97
Q

Middle Cerebellar Peduncles

A

Largest peduncles; connects cerebellum to pons; transmits motor information from cerebral cortex to cerebellum.

98
Q

Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles

A

Tracts; connect cerebellum to medulla oblongata; transmits sensory and motor signals.

99
Q

Thalamus

A

Gray matter in the brain; relays sensory and motor signals to cerebral cortex.

100
Q

Internal Medullary Lamina

A

White matter structure in the thalamus; divides the thalamus into different nuclei.

101
Q

Internal Capsule

A

White matter structure; contains ascending and descending fibers; connects cerebral cortex to other parts of the nervous system.

102
Q

Anterior Nucleus (of the Thalamus)

A

Thalamic nucleus; processes and relays information related to emotions and memory.

103
Q

Medial Nuclei (of the Thalamus)

A

Group of thalamic nuclei; processes sensory information related to mood and memory.

104
Q

Lateral Group (of the Thalamus)

A

Set of thalamic nuclei; sensory processing of touch and proprioception.

105
Q

Lateral Dorsal Nucleus

A

Thalamic nucleus; processes sensory information and relays to the sensory cortex.

106
Q

Lateral Posterior Nucleus

A

Thalamic nucleus; processes and relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

107
Q

Pulvinar Nucleus

A

Largest thalamic nucleus; processes visual and sensory information; projects it to the parietal cortex.

108
Q

Ventral Group (of the Thalamus)

A

Group of thalamic nuclei; relays sensory information, like pain, temperature, and touch, to the cerebral cortex.

109
Q

Ventral Anterior Nucleus

A

Thalamic nucleus; motor control; relays information from basal ganglia to motor cortex.

110
Q

Ventral Lateral Nucleus

A

Thalamic nucleus; motor control; transmits signals from cerebellum to motor cortex.

111
Q

Ventral Posterior Nucleus

A

Thalamic nucleus; relays sensory information from the body to somatosensory cortex.

112
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

Thalamic nucleus; processes visual information from retina; relays it to visual cortex.

113
Q

Medial Geniculate Nucleus

A

Thalamic nucleus; processes auditory information; relays to the auditory cortex.

114
Q

Intralaminar Nuclei

A

Thalamic nuclei; regulates consciousness, alertness, and sensory processing.

115
Q

Midline Nucleus

A

Thalamic nucleus; processes emotional and autonomic information.

116
Q

Reticular Nucleus

A

Thalamic nucleus; regulates activity of other thalamic nuclei; contributes to sleep and arousal.

117
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls vital functions like hormone production, body temperature, hunger, and emotions.

118
Q

Mammillary Region - Hypothalamus

A

Memory processing and limbic system functions.

119
Q

Tuberal Region - Hypothalamus

A

Middle portion of the hypothalamus; regulates pituitary gland; controls various autonomic functions.

120
Q

Infundibulum

A

Stalk; connects; hypothalamus to pituitary gland; facilitates hormonal communication.

121
Q

Median Eminence

A

Part of hypothalamus; releases hormones into bloodstream to regulate pituitary gland.

122
Q

Supraoptic Region - Hypothalamus

A

Regulates secretion of hormones controlling water balance and the stress response.

123
Q

Preoptic Region - Hypothalamus

A

Regulates body temperature, sleep, and reproduction.

124
Q

Control of the ANS

A

The hypothalamus regulates autonomic functions like heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate, ensuring homeostasis.

125
Q

Production of Hormones - Hypothalamus

A

Produces hormones that control the pituitary gland, influencing various physiological processes.

126
Q

Regulation of Emotional and Behavioral Patterns - Hypothalamus

A

Regulates emotions, stress responses, and social behaviors through interactions with the limbic system.

127
Q

Regulation of Eating and Drinking - Hypothalamus

A

Controls hunger, thirst, and satiety, helping to maintain energy balance and hydration.

128
Q

Control of Body Temperature - Hypothalamus

A

Monitors and adjusts body temperature through mechanisms like sweating and shivering.

129
Q

Regulation of Circadian Rhythms - Hypothalamus

A

Regulates sleep-wake cycles and other daily rhythms through the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

130
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

Biological process; follows a 24-hour cycle; affects sleep, hormone release, and body temperature.

131
Q

Clock Genes

A

Regulate the body’s internal clock, influencing circadian rhythms.

132
Q

Clock Proteins

A

Produced by clock genes; helps maintain the timing of circadian rhythms in the body.

133
Q

What is the function of the epithalamus?

A

Connects the limbic system to other brain regions and regulates the secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland.

134
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland produce, and what is its role?

A

Melatonin; regulates sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms.

135
Q

What is melatonin’s primary function?

A

It regulates circadian rhythms and induces sleep.

136
Q

What is the role of the habenular nuclei?

A

It processes emotional responses to odors and integrates sensory and emotional information.

137
Q

What is the significance of circumventricular organs?

A

They lack a blood-brain barrier; monitor blood composition to regulate homeostasis.

138
Q

What is the cerebrum’s primary role?

A

It is responsible for higher brain functions, including thought, memory, and voluntary movements.

139
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Outer layer of gray matter in the cerebrum; sensory perception, motor control, and cognitive functions.

140
Q

What are gyri?

A

Raised folds on the cerebral cortex that increase the surface area for neuronal activity.

141
Q

What are fissures in the brain?

A

Deep grooves that separate major brain regions.

142
Q

What are sulci?

A

Shallow grooves between gyri on the cerebral cortex.

143
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure divide?

A

It separates the two cerebral hemispheres.

144
Q

How are the cerebral hemispheres functionally divided?

A

Into left and right hemispheres, each responsible for different cognitive and sensory functions

145
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres, allowing communication between them.

146
Q

What does the central sulcus separate?

A

The frontal and parietal lobes.

147
Q

What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?

A

It controls voluntary movement, planning, reasoning, and problem-solving.

148
Q

What does the parietal lobe primarily process?

A

Sensory information such as touch, temperature, and pain.

149
Q

What is the precentral gyrus known for?

A

It is the primary motor cortex, controlling voluntary muscle movements.

150
Q

What is the function of the postcentral gyrus?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex; processes sensory information from the body

151
Q

What does the lateral cerebral sulcus separate?

A

The temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.

152
Q

What is the primary function of the temporal lobe?

A

Processes auditory information; involved in memory and emotion.

153
Q

What does the parieto-occipital sulcus separate?

A

The parietal and occipital lobes.

154
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

Processing visual information.

155
Q

Where is the insula located, and what does it do?

A

In the lateral sulcus; involved in taste, visceral sensation, and emotion.

156
Q

What is cerebral white matter composed of?

A

Myelinated axons that connect different parts of the brain

157
Q

What do association tracts connect?

A

Different parts of the same hemisphere.

158
Q

What is the function of commissural tracts?

A

Connect the two hemispheres of the brain.

159
Q

What does the anterior commissure connect?

A

Parts of the temporal lobes between hemispheres.

160
Q

What is the posterior commissure involved in?

A

Eye movement and pupillary reflexes.

161
Q

What do projection tracts connect?

A

Cerebrum with lower brain regions or the spinal cord.

162
Q

What is the internal capsule’s role?

A

Contains projection fibers; carries information to / from cerebral cortex.

163
Q

What is the function of basal nuclei?

A

Regulate motor control, procedural learning, and emotions.

164
Q

What role does the globus pallidus play?

A

Regulates voluntary movement.

165
Q

What is the putamen’s primary function?

A

Motor skills and learning.

166
Q

What structures make up the lentiform nucleus?

A

Globus pallidus and putamen.

167
Q

What is the function of the caudate nucleus?

A

Learning and memory.

168
Q

What does the corpus striatum include?

A

Caudate and lentiform nuclei.

169
Q

What is the limbic system’s primary function?

A

Regulate emotions, memory, and motivation.

170
Q

What structures are included in the limbic lobe?

A

Cingulate and parahippocampal gyri.

171
Q

What is the function of the cingulate gyrus?

A

Process emotions and regulate behavior.

172
Q

What is the role of the parahippocampal gyrus?

A

Forming new memories and spatial navigation.

173
Q

What does the dentate gyrus contribute to?

A

Formation of new episodic memories.

174
Q

What is the primary function of the amygdala?

A

Process emotions like fear and pleasure.

175
Q

What are the septal nuclei associated with?

A

Reward and reinforcement.

176
Q

What is the role of the mammillary bodies?

A

Memory processing.

177
Q

What do the olfactory bulbs process?

A

Odor information

178
Q

What is the function of these limbic system pathways? (Fornix, stria terminalis, stria medullaris, medial forebrain bundle, mammillothalamic tract)

A

They connect different components of the limbic system for emotional and memory processing.

179
Q

What is the role of sensory areas in the brain?

A

Receive & interpret sensory impulses from the body.

180
Q

Define perception in the context of the nervous system.

A

The conscious awareness of sensory stimuli.

181
Q

What is the function of motor areas in the brain?

A

Control voluntary muscle movements.

182
Q

What is the role of association areas in the brain?

A

Integrate sensory and motor information; higher-order cognitive processes.

183
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory area located, and what is its function?

A

In the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe; processes somatic sensations like touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.

184
Q

Where is the primary visual area located, and what does it do?

A

In the occipital lobe; processes visual information.

185
Q

What is the function of the primary auditory area?

A

Process auditory information like sound pitch, volume, and location.

186
Q

Where is the primary gustatory area located?

A

In the insula and frontal operculum; processes taste sensations.

187
Q

What is the primary olfactory area responsible for?

A

Detecting and interpreting smells; in the temporal lobe.

188
Q

What is the function of the primary motor area?

A

Control voluntary movements of skeletal muscles; in the precentral gyrus.

189
Q

What does Broca’s speech area control?

A

Speech production and articulation; typically in the left frontal lobe.

190
Q

What is the role of the somatosensory association area?

A

Interpret somatic sensory input, like recognizing objects by touch.

191
Q

Where is the visual association area located, and what is its function?

A

In the occipital lobe; interprets visual stimuli and relates them to past experiences.

192
Q

What is the purpose of the facial recognition area?

A

Identifies and interprets facial features; in the temporal lobe.

192
Q

What does the auditory association area do?

A

Processes and interprets complex auditory stimuli like music and speech.

193
Q

What is the function of the orbitofrontal cortex?

A

Decision-making, reward processing, smell integration.

194
Q

What is Wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

Understanding spoken & written language; typically in the left temporal lobe.

195
Q

What is the role of the common integrative area?

A

Integrates sensory, motor, association information for complex thought processes.

196
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

Higher cognitive functions, like planning, decision-making, personality.

197
Q

What does the premotor area do?

A

Plans & coordinates voluntary movements before execution by the primary motor area.

198
Q

What is the role of the frontal eye field area?

A

Controls voluntary eye movements.

199
Q

What is hemispheric lateralization?

A

Specialization of brain functions in the left and right hemispheres.

200
Q

What are brain waves, and how are they detected?

A

Patterns of electrical activity in the brain detected by an EEG.

201
Q

What does an EEG measure?

A

Electrical activity of the brain.

202
Q

What is the significance of alpha waves?

A

Associated with relaxed / awake states.

203
Q

What do beta waves indicate?

A

Active thinking and problem-solving.

204
Q

When are theta waves commonly observed?

A

During light sleep or deep relaxation.

205
Q

What is the characteristic of delta waves?

A

During deep sleep.

206
Q

How many cranial nerves are there, and what is their general function?

A

2 cranial nerves; transmit sensory, motor, or mixed signals between the brain and body.

207
Q

Which cranial nerves are considered special sensory nerves?

A

Olfactory (I) - smell
Optic (II) - vision
Vestibulocochlear (VIII) - hearing/balance

208
Q

What do motor nerves primarily control?

A

Voluntary and involuntary muscle movements.

209
Q

What do branchial motor axons innervate?

A

Muscles derived from branchial arches, like facial and pharyngeal muscles.

210
Q

What is the significance of mixed nerves?

A

They carry both sensory and motor fibers, like the trigeminal (V) and vagus (X) nerves.

211
Q

What is the primary function of the olfactory (I) nerve?

A

Detects smells and transmits signals to the olfactory bulbs.

212
Q

What is the role of the olfactory bulbs?

A

Process olfactory information from the olfactory nerve.

213
Q

What is the function of the olfactory tracts?

A

Relay olfactory signals to the brain for interpretation.

214
Q

What is the function of the optic (II) nerve?

A

Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.

215
Q

What occurs at the optic chiasm?

A

Partial crossing of optic nerve fibers for binocular vision.

216
Q

Where do the optic tracts carry information?

A

Optic chiasm to the thalamus and visual cortex.

217
Q

What does the oculomotor (III) nerve control?

A

Eye movements, pupil constriction, and lens shape.

218
Q

What is the ciliary ganglion responsible for?

A

Parasympathetic control of the pupil and lens.

219
Q

What muscle does the trochlear (IV) nerve innervate?

A

Superior oblique muscle for eye movement.

220
Q

What is the function of the abducens (VI) nerve?

A

Controls the lateral rectus muscle for eye abduction.

221
Q

What is the primary role of the trigeminal (V) nerve?

A

Provide sensory input from the face and motor control for chewing.

222
Q

What does the trigeminal ganglion do?

A

Contains sensory neuron cell bodies for the trigeminal nerve.

223
Q

What is the role of the ophthalmic nerve?

A

Provides sensory input from the forehead, eyes, and nose.

224
Q

What does the maxillary nerve innervate?

A

Sensory input from the cheeks, upper jaw, and teeth.

225
Q

What does the mandibular nerve control?

A

Sensory input from the lower jaw and motor control for mastication.

226
Q

What are the functions of the facial (VII) nerve?

A

Control facial expression muscles, provide taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, regulates secretions from lacrimal and salivary glands.

227
Q

What is the role of the geniculate ganglion?

A

House sensory neuron cell bodies for taste and sensation from the facial nerve.

228
Q

What is the function of the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

Regulates parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland and nasal mucosa for tear and mucus production.

229
Q

What does the submandibular ganglion control?

A

Parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.

230
Q

What is the primary function of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve?

A

Transmits sensory information for hearing and balance from the inner ear to the brain.

231
Q

What does the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve do?

A

Relays information about balance and head position from the semicircular canals.

232
Q

What is the function of the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Transmits auditory information from the cochlea to the brain.

233
Q

What is the role of the vestibular ganglia?

A

Contains sensory neuron cell bodies for balance-related signals.

234
Q

What does the spiral ganglion do?

A

Contains sensory neuron cell bodies for auditory signals from the cochlea.

235
Q

What are the functions of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve?

A

Provides taste sensation from the posterior one-third of the tongue, controls swallowing muscles, and contributes to salivary gland secretion.

236
Q

What are the roles of the superior and inferior ganglia of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Contain sensory neuron cell bodies for taste, touch, and visceral signals.

237
Q

What is the otic ganglion responsible for?

A

Parasympathetic innervation of the parotid salivary gland.

238
Q

What are the main functions of the vagus (X) nerve?

A

Controls muscles for voice & swallowing, transmits sensory information from thoracic and abdominal organs, and regulates parasympathetic activity in the heart and digestive tract.

239
Q

What are the functions of the superior and inferior ganglia of the vagus nerve?

A

Contain sensory neuron cell bodies for visceral sensation and taste.

240
Q

What is the function of the cranial part of the accessory nerve?

A

Joins the vagus (X) nerve to control muscles in the pharynx, larynx, soft palate; coordinates movements for swallowing and voice production.

241
Q

What is the primary role of the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Controls tongue movements essential for speech and swallowing.

Biol 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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