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Biol 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 11 The Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 11 The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Define the Muscular System

A

The body system consisting of muscles that enable movement, maintain posture, and produce heat.

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2
Q

Define origin of a muscle

A

The fixed attachment point of a muscle, typically closer to the midline of the body.

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3
Q

Define insertion of a muscle

A

The movable attachment point of a muscle, typically further from the midline.

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4
Q

Define muscle belly

A

The thick, central part of a muscle.

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5
Q

Define action of a muscle

A

Movements produced by a muscle contraction (flexion, extension)

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6
Q

Define Reverse Muscle Action

A

When the insertion is fixed, and the origin moves during contraction

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7
Q

Define lever

A

A rigid structure that moves around a fixed point (bone).

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8
Q

Fulcrum

A

The fixed point a lever pivots around (joint).

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9
Q

Define effort

A

The force applied by muscles to move a load.

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10
Q

Load

A

The resistance or weight that is moved by the lever.

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11
Q

Mechanical Advantage

A

When the load is moved with less effort due to the lever’s configuration.

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12
Q

Mechanical Disadvantage

A

When more effort is needed to move a load due to the lever’s configuration.

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13
Q

First-Class Levers

A

The fulcrum is between the effort and the load (e.g., seesaw).

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14
Q

Second-Class Lever

A

The load is between the fulcrum and the effort (e.g., wheelbarrow).

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15
Q

Third-Class Lever

A

The effort is between the fulcrum and the load (e.g., biceps curl).

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16
Q

Parallel Muscle

A

Muscle fibers run parallel to the long axis (e.g., sartorius).

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17
Q

Fusiform Muscle

A

Spindle-shaped muscle with a wide belly (e.g., biceps brachii).

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18
Q

Circular Muscle

A

Muscle fibers arranged in concentric rings (e.g., orbicularis oris).

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19
Q

Triangular Muscle

A

Muscle fibers spread out like a fan (e.g., pectoralis major).

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20
Q

Pennate Muscles

A

Muscle fibers attach obliquely to a tendon (e.g., deltoid).

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21
Q

Prime Mover

A

The primary muscle responsible for a specific movement.

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22
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover.

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23
Q

Synergist

A

Muscle that assists the prime mover.

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24
Q

Fixators

A

Muscles that stabilize the origin of the prime mover

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25
Q

Muscle Compartments

A

Groups of muscles with similar functions enclosed by fascia.

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26
Q

Rectus

A

Straight muscle fibers (e.g., rectus abdominis).

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27
Q

Transverse

A

Muscle fibers oriented horizontally (e.g., transversus abdominis).

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28
Q

Oblique

A

Muscle fibers oriented diagonally (e.g., external oblique).

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29
Q

Maximus

A

Largest muscle in a group (e.g., gluteus maximus).

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30
Q

Minimus

A

Smallest muscle in a group (e.g., gluteus minimus).

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31
Q

Longus

A

Long muscle (e.g., adductor longus).

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32
Q

Brevis

A

Short muscle (e.g., adductor brevis).

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33
Q

Latissimus

A

Broad muscle (e.g., latissimus dorsi).

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34
Q

Longissimus

A

Longest muscle (e.g., longissimus capitis).

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35
Q

Magnus

A

Large muscle (e.g., adductor magnus).

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36
Q

Major

A

Larger of two muscles (e.g., pectoralis major).

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37
Q

Minor

A

Smaller of two muscles (e.g., pectoralis minor).

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38
Q

Vastus

A

Great muscle (e.g., vastus lateralis).

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39
Q

Deltoid

A

Triangular-shaped muscle (e.g., deltoid).

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40
Q

Trapezius

A

Trapezoid-shaped muscle (e.g., trapezius).

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41
Q

Serratus

A

Saw-toothed muscle (e.g., serratus anterior).

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42
Q

Rhomboid

A

Diamond-shaped muscle (e.g., rhomboid major).

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43
Q

Orbicularis

A

Circular muscle (e.g., orbicularis oculi).

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44
Q

Pectinate

A

Comb-like muscle (e.g., pectinate muscles of the heart).

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45
Q

Piriformis

A

Pear-shaped muscle (e.g., piriformis).

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46
Q

Platys

A

Flat muscle (e.g., platysma).

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47
Q

Quadratus

A

Square-shaped muscle (e.g., quadratus lumborum).

48
Q

Gracilis

A

Slender muscle (e.g., gracilis).

49
Q

Occipitofrontalis

A

Frontal belly:
O: Epicranial aponeurosis
I: Skin of the forehead and eyebrows
A: Raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead.

Occipital belly:
O: Occipital bone and mastoid process
I: Epicranial aponeurosis
A: Pulls scalp posteriorly.

50
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

O: Maxilla and mandible
I: Skin and muscles around the mouth
A: Closes and protrudes lips (kissing muscle).

51
Q

Zygomaticus major

A

O: Zygomatic bone
I: Skin at the corner of the mouth
A: Elevates the corners of the mouth (smiling muscle).

52
Q

Buccinator

A

O: Maxilla and mandible (alveolar processes)
I: Orbicularis oris
A: Compresses cheek (used in whistling or blowing).

53
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

O: Frontal and maxillary bones
I: Tissue of the eyelid
A: Closes the eyelids (blinking, winking).

54
Q

Masseter

A

O: Zygomatic arch
I: Angle and ramus of the mandible
A: Elevates the mandible (chewing muscle).

55
Q

Temporalis

A

O: Temporal fossa
I: Coronoid process of the mandible
A: Elevates and retracts the mandible.

56
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

O: Sternum (manubrium) and clavicle
I: Temporal bone’s mastoid process
A: Rotates and flexes the neck; accessory muscle for breathing.

57
Q

Rectus abdominis

A

O: Pubic crest and pubic symphysis
I: Xiphoid process and ribs 5–7 costal cartilages
A: Flexes the vertebral column; compresses the abdomen.

58
Q

External abdominal oblique

A

O: External surfaces of ribs 5–12
I: Linea alba and iliac crest
A: Flexes and rotates the trunk; compresses the abdomen.

59
Q

Internal abdominal oblique

A

O: Iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia
I: Linea alba and ribs 10–12
A: Flexes and rotates the trunk; compresses the abdomen.

60
Q

Transversus abdominis

A

O: Iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, and lower ribs
I: Linea alba and pubic crest
A: Compresses abdominal contents.

61
Q

Diaphragm

A

O: Xiphoid process, costal cartilages, and lumbar vertebrae
I: Central tendon
A: Prime mover of inspiration; flattens during contraction.

62
Q

External intercostals

A

O: Inferior border of the rib above
I: Superior border of the rib below
A: Elevates ribs during inspiration.

63
Q

Internal intercostals

A

O: Superior border of the rib below
I: Inferior border of the rib above
A: Depresses ribs during forced expiration.

64
Q

Pectoralis minor

A

O: Ribs 3–5
I: Scapula’s coracoid process
A: Draws scapula forward and downward.

65
Q

Serratus anterior

A

O: External surfaces of ribs 1–8
I: Scapula’s medial border
A: Rotates scapula and holds it against the thoracic wall.

66
Q

Trapezius

A

O: Occipital bone, nuchal ligament, C7–T12 spinous processes
I: Clavicle, acromion, scapula’s spine
A: Elevates, depresses, retracts, and rotates scapula.

67
Q

Levator scapulae

A

O: Transverse processes of C1–C4
I: Scapula’s superior medial border
A: Elevates scapula and tilts its glenoid cavity downward.

68
Q

Rhomboid major

A

O: T2–T5 spinous processes
I: Scapula’s medial border
A: Retracts and stabilizes the scapula.

69
Q

Pectoralis major

A

O: Clavicle, sternum, ribs 1–6 costal cartilages
I: Humeral intertubercular sulcus
A: Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the arm.

70
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

O: T7–L5 spinous processes, iliac crest, ribs 9–12
I: Humeral intertubercular sulcus
A: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm.

71
Q

Deltoid

A

O: Clavicle, acromion, and scapula spine
I: Humeral deltoid tuberosity
A: Abducts, flexes, and extends the arm.

72
Q

Subscapularis

A

O: Scapula’s subscapular fossa
I: Humeral lesser tubercle
A: Medially rotates the arm; part of the rotator cuff.

73
Q

Supraspinatus

A

O: Scapula’s supraspinous fossa
I: Humeral greater tubercle
A: Abducts the arm; part of the rotator cuff.

74
Q

Infraspinatus

A

O: Scapula’s infraspinous fossa
I: Humeral greater tubercle
A: Laterally rotates the arm; part of the rotator cuff.

75
Q

Teres major

A

O: Scapula’s inferior angle
I: Humeral intertubercular
A: Medially rotates and adducts the arm.

76
Q

Teres minor

A

O: Scapula’s lateral border
I: Humeral greater tubercle
A: Laterally rotates the arm; part of the rotator cuff.

77
Q

Biceps brachii

A

O: Supraglenoid tubercle and coracoid process
I: Radial tuberosity
A: Flexes and supinates the forearm.

78
Q

Brachialis

A

O: Humeral anterior surface
I: Ulna’s coronoid process
A: Primary flexor of the forearm.

79
Q

Brachioradialis

A

O: Humeral lateral supracondylar ridge
I: Radial styloid process
A: Flexes the forearm, especially in a mid-pronated position.

80
Q

Triceps brachii

A

O: Infraglenoid tubercle and humerus
I: Ulnar olecranon process
A: Extends the arm.

81
Q

Anconeus

A

O: Humeral lateral epicondyle
I: Ulnar olecranon
A: Assists in forearm extension.

82
Q

Pronator teres

A

O: Humeral medial epicondyle and ulnar coronoid process
I: Radial lateral surface
A: Pronates the forearm.

83
Q

Supinator

A

O: Humeral lateral epicondyle and ulna
I: Proximal radius
A: Supinates the forearm.

84
Q

Flexor carpi radialis

A

O: Humeral medial epicondyle
I: Metacarpals 2 & 3 base
A: Flexes and abducts the wrist.

85
Q

Palmaris longus

A

O: Humeral medial epicondyle
I: Palmar aponeurosis
A: Flexes the wrist.

86
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris

A

O: Humeral medial epicondyle and ulna
I: Pisiform, hamate, metacarpal 5 base
A: Flexes and adducts the wrist.

87
Q

Flexor digitorum superficialis

A

O: Humeral medial epicondyle and radius
I: Fingers 2–5 middle phalanges
A: Flexes fingers and the wrist.

88
Q

Extensor carpi radialis longus

A

O: Humeral lateral supracondylar ridge
I: Metacarpal 2 base
A: Extends and abducts the wrist.

89
Q

Extensor digitorum

A

O: Humeral lateral epicondyle
I: Fingers 2–5 distal phalanges
A: Extends fingers and the wrist.

90
Q

Extensor carpi ulnaris

A

O: Humeral lateral epicondyle
I: Metacarpal 5 base
A: Extends and adducts the wrist.

91
Q

Iliocostalis cervicis

A

O: Ribs 3–6
I: C4–C6 transverse processes
A: Extends and laterally flexes the cervical spine.

92
Q

Iliocostalis thoracis

A

Origin: Ribs 7–12
Insertion: Ribs 1–6
A: Extends and laterally flexes the thoracic spine.

93
Q

Iliocostalis lumborum

A

O: Iliac crest and sacrum
I: Lower ribs
A: Extends and laterally flexes the lumbar spine.

94
Q

Anterior and middle scalene

A

Anterior O: C3–C6 transverse processes
Anterior I: First rib

Middle O: C2-C7 transverse processes
Middle I: First rib
Both A: Elevates the first rib; assists in neck flexion.

95
Q

Posterior scalene

A

O: C4–C6 transverse processes
I: Second rib
A: Elevates the second rib; assists in neck flexion.

96
Q

Psoas major

A

O: Lumbar vertebrae transverse processes and bodies
I: Femoral lesser trochanter
A: Flexes the hip and vertebral column.

Iliacus: Flexes the hip.

97
Q

Iliacus

A

O: Iliac fossa
I: Femoral lesser trochanter
A: Flexes the hip.

98
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

O: Ilium, sacrum, coccyx
I: Iliotibial tract and femoral gluteal tuberosity
A: Extends and laterally rotates the hip.

99
Q

Gluteus medius

A

O: Ilium (between anterior and posterior gluteal lines)
I: Femoral greater trochanter
A: Abducts and medially rotates the hip.

100
Q

Adductor longus

A

O: Pubis (near pubic symphysis)
I: Femoral linea aspera
A: Adducts and flexes the hip.

101
Q

Adductor magnus

A

O: Ischial tuberosity and pubis
I: Femoral linea aspera and adductor tubercle
A: Adducts, flexes, and extends the hip.

102
Q

Rectus femoris

A

O: Anterior inferior iliac spine
I: Tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon
A: Flexes the hip and extends the knee.

103
Q

Vastus lateralis

A

O: Femoral greater trochanter and linea aspera
I: Tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon
A: Extends the knee.

104
Q

Vastus medialis

A

O: Femoral linea aspera
I: Tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon
A: Extends the knee.

105
Q

Vastus intermedius

A

O: Femoral anterior and lateral surfaces
I: Tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon
A: Extends the knee.

106
Q

Sartorius

A

O: Anterior superior iliac spine
I: Tibial medial surface (near tibial tuberosity)
A: Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the hip; flexes the knee.

107
Q

Biceps femoris

A

O: Ischial tuberosity (long head) and linea aspera (short head)
I: Fibular head
A: Extends the hip and flexes the knee.

108
Q

Semitendinosus

A

O: Ischial tuberosity
I: Tibial medial surface
A: Extends the hip and flexes the knee.

109
Q

Semimembranosus

A

O: Ischial tuberosity
I: Tibial medial condyle
A: Extends the hip and flexes the knee.

110
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

O: Lateral condyle and upper tibial shaft
I: Medial cuneiform and first metatarsal
A: Dorsiflexes and inverts the foot.

111
Q

Extensor digitorum longus

A

O: Tibial lateral condyle and fibula
I: Toes 2–5 middle and distal phalanges
A: Extends toes and dorsiflexes the foot.

112
Q

Fibularis (peroneus) longus

A

O: Head and upper lateral fibula
I: Medial cuneiform and first metatarsal
A: Everts and plantarflexes the foot.

113
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

O: Femoral medial and lateral condyles
I: Calcaneus via Achilles tendon
A: Plantarflexes the foot and flexes the knee.

114
Q

Soleus

A

O: Posterior tibia and fibula
I: Calcaneus via Achilles tendon
A: Plantarflexes the foot.

115
Q

Flexor digitorum longus

A

O: Tibial posterior surface
I: Toes 2–5 distal phalanges
A: Flexes toes and plantarflexes the foot.

Biol 235 Human Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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