Chapter 12 - Motivation & Emotion

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

The body’s tendency to maintain the conditions of its internal environment by various forms of self regulation

Question 2

Drive

Answer 2

A term referring to a state of internal bodily tension, such as hunger or thirst or the need to sleep

Question 3

Thermoregulation

Answer 3

The process by which organisms maintain a constant body temperature

Question 4

Set point

Answer 4

A general term for the level at which negative feedback tries to maintain stability

Question 5

Glucoreceptors

Answer 5

Receptors in the brain (in the area of the hypothalamus) that select the amount of glucose in the blood stream

Question 6

Leptin

Answer 6

A chemical produced by the adipose cells that seems to signal that plenty of fat is stored and that no more fat is needed. This signal may diminish eating

Question 7

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

Answer 7

A chemical found widely in the brain and the periphery. In the brain, it acts as a neurotransmitter; when administered at sites and near the hypothalamus, it is a potent elicit or of eating

Question 8

Dual-center theory

Answer 8

The hypothesis that one area in the lateral hypothalamus is the “on” center, the initiator of eating, while another area in the ventromedial hypothalamus is the “of” center, the terminator of eating.

Question 9

Body mass index (BMI)

Answer 9

The commonly-used measure of whether someone us at a healthy weight or not; BMI is calculated as weight in kgs divided by the square if height in meters

Question 10

Morbid obesity

Answer 10

The level if obesity at which someone’s health is genuinely at risk, usually defined as BMI over 40

Question 11

Comparative method

Answer 11

A research method in which one makes systematic comparisons among different species in order to gain insights into the function of a particular structure or behavior, or evolutionary origins of that structure or behavior

Question 12

Testosterone

Answer 12

The principle male sex hormone in mammals

Question 13

Estrus

Answer 13

In mammals, the period in the cycle when the female is sexually receptive (in heat)

Question 14

Estrogen

Answer 14

A female sex hormone that dominates the first half of the female cycle through ovulation

Question 15

Progesterone

Answer 15

A female sex hormone that dominates the latter phase of the female cycle during which the uterine walls thicken to receive the embryo

Question 16

Human sexual response cycle

Answer 16

A sequence of four stages that characterize the sexual response in both men and women: excitement, plateau, organs and resolution

Question 17

Tangible support

Answer 17

Social support focused on practical or material needs

Question 18

Emotional support

Answer 18

Social support focused on emotional needs

Question 19

Mastery orientation

Answer 19

A learning orientation characterized by a focus on gaining new knowledge or abilities and improving

Question 20

Performance orientation

Answer 20

A learning orientation characterized by a focus on presenting oneself well and appearing intelligent to others

Question 21

Hierarchy of needs

Answer 21

The theory that people will strive to meet their higher order needs, such as love, self esteem, and self actualization, only when their lower, more basic needs like food and safety have been met

Question 22

Self-actualization

Answer 22

According to Abraham Maslow and some other adherents of the humanistic approach to personality, the full realization of ones potential

Question 23

Pain matrix

Answer 23

A distributed network of brain regions, including the thalamus and anterior cingulated cortex, thought to respond to many types of pain

Question 24

Intrinsically rewarding

Answer 24

An activity or object that is pursued for its own sake

Question 25

Extrinsically rewarding

Answer 25

An activity or object that is pursued because of rewards that are not an inherent part of the activity or object

Question 26

Wanting

Answer 26

An organisms motivation to obtain a reward

Question 27

Liking

Answer 27

The pleasure that follows the receipt of a reward

Question 28

Nucleus accumbens

Answer 28

A dopamine-rich area in the forebrain that us critical in the physiology of reward

Question 29

Emotions

Answer 29

Affective responses (such as joy, sadness, pride and anger), which are characterized by loosely linked changes in behavior (how we act), subjective experience (how we feel), and physiology (how our bodies respond

Question 30

Moods

Answer 30

Affective responses that are typically longer lasting than emotions, and less likely to have a specific object

Question 31

Display rules

Answer 31

Cultural rules that govern the expression of emotion

Question 32

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 32

The theory that the subjective experience if emotions is the awareness of ones own bodily reactions in the presence of certain arousing stimuli

Question 33

Cannon-bard theory of emotion

Answer 33

The theory that a stimulus elicits an emotion by triggering a particular response in the brain (in the thalamus) which then causes both the physiological changes associated with the emotion and the emotional experience itself

Question 34

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

Answer 34

The theory that emotion experience results from the interpretation if bodily responses in the context if situational cues

Question 35

Confederate

Answer 35

Someone who appears to be a research participant but is actually part if the research team

Question 36

Affective neuroscience

Answer 36

A field that uses cognitive neuroscience research methods to study emotion and related processes

Question 37

Emotional regulation

Answer 37

The ability to influence ones emotions

Question 38

Cognitive reappraisal

Answer 38

A form of emotional regulation in which an individual changes her emotional response to a situation by altering her interpretation if that situation

Question 39

Suppression

Answer 39

A firm if emotional regulation that involves inhibiting emotion-expressive behavior