Chapter 12: Moral Development Flashcards
compliance
Voluntary obedience to requests and commands.
construction
In moral development, the process of actively attending to and interrelating multiple perspectives on situations in which social conflicts
arise and thereby attaining new moral understandings.
conventional level
Kohlberg’s second level of moral development, in which moral understanding is based on conforming to social rules to ensure positive human relationships and maintain societal order.
delay of gratification
Ability to wait for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act.
heteronomous morality
Piaget’s first stage of moral development, in which children view rules as handed down by authorities, as having a permanent existence, as unchangeable, and as requiring strict obedience.
ideal reciprocity
A standard of fairness based on mutuality of expectations, as expressed in the Golden Rule: “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.”
induction
A type of discipline in which the adult helps the child notice others’ feelings by pointing out the effects of the child’s misbehavior on others, especially noting their distress and making clear that the child caused it.
internalization
In moral development, the process of adopting societal standards for right action as one’s own.
matters of personal choice
Concerns that do not violate rights or others’ welfare and are up to the individual. Distinguished from moral imperatives and social conventions.
moral identity
An individual’s endorsement of moral values, such as fairness, kindness, and generosity, as central to his or her self-concept.
moral imperatives
Social rules and expectations that protect people’s rights
and welfare. Distinguished from social conventions and matters of personal choice.
moral self‐regulation
The ability to monitor one’s own conduct,constantly
adjusting it as circumstances present opportunities to violate inner standards.
morality of cooperation
Piaget’s second stage of moral development, in
which children view rules as flexible, socially agreed-on principles that can be revised to suit the will of the majority.
physical aggression
A form of aggression that harms others through physical
injury to themselves or their property. Distinguished from verbal aggression and relational aggression.
postconventional level
Kohlberg’s highest level of moral development, in
which individuals define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies.
preconventional level
Kohlberg’s first level of moral development, in which
morality is externally controlled—based on rewards, punishments, and the power of authority figures.
proactive aggression
A type of aggression in which children act to fulfill a need or desire—obtain an object, privilege, space, or social reward—and unemotionally attack a person to achieve their goal. Also called instrumental aggression. Distinguished from reactive aggression.
reactive aggression
An angry, defensive response to a provocation or a blocked goal; intended to hurt another person. Also called hostile aggression. Distinguished from proactive aggression.
realism
In Piaget’s heteronomous stage of moral development, the child’s tendency to view rules, like other mental phenomena, as fixed external features of reality.
relational aggression
A form of aggression that damages a peer’s relation- ships through social exclusion, malicious gossip, or friendship manipulation. Distinguished from physical aggression and verbal aggression.
social conventions
Customs, such as table manners and rituals of social interaction, that are determined solely by consensus. Distinguished from moral imperatives and matters of personal choice.
time out
A form of mild punishment in which children are removed from the immediate setting until they are ready to act appropriately.
verbal aggression
A form of reactive aggression that harms others through threats of physical aggression, name-calling, or hostile teasing. Distinguished from physical aggression and relational aggression.
physical aggression
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postconventional level
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preconventional level
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proactive aggression
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reactive aggression
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realism
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relational aggression
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social conventions
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time out
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verbal aggression
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