Chapter 11: Self and Social Understanding Flashcards
acculturative stress
Psychological distress resulting from conflict between an individual’s minority culture and the host culture.
acculturative stress
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achievement motivation
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attribution retraining
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attributions
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belief–desire theory of mind
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bicultural identity
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categorical self
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desire theory of mind
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enduring self
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entity view of ability
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ethnic identity
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generalized other
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identity
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identity achievement
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identity diffusion
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identity foreclosure
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identity moratorium
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incremental view of ability
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inner self
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learned helplessness
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mastery-oriented attributions
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person perception
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perspective taking
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recursive thought
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remembered self
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scale errors
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self-concept
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self-esteem
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self-recognition
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social cognition
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social comparisons
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social problem solving
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achievement motivation
The tendency to persist at challenging tasks.
attribution retraining
An intervention that uses adult feedback to encourage learned-helpless children to believe that they can overcome failure through effort.
attributions
Common, everyday explanations for the causes of behavior.
belief–desire theory of mind
The more sophisticated theory of mind that emerges around age 4, in which children understand that both beliefs and desires determine behavior.
bicultural identity
The identity constructed by individuals who explore and
adopt values from both their family’s subculture and the dominant culture.
categorical self
Classification of the self on the basis of perceptually distinct attributes and behaviors, such as age, sex, physical characteristics, and goodness and badness. Develops between 18 and 30 months. Distinguished from remembered self, enduring self, and inner self.
desire theory of mind
The theory of mind of 2- to 3-year-olds, who assume that people always act in ways consistent with their desires but who do not understand the influence on behavior of interpretive mental states, such as beliefs.
enduring self
A view of the self as persisting over time. Distinguished from categorical self, remembered self, and inner self.
entity view of ability
The view that ability is a fixed characteristic that cannot be improved through effort; associated with learned helplessness. Distinguished from incremental view of ability.
ethnic identity
A sense of ethnic group membership, and attitudes and feelings associated with that membership, as an enduring aspect of the self.
generalized other
A blend of what we imagine important people in our lives
think of us, crucial to developing a self-concept based on personality traits
identity
A well-organized conception of the self that defines who one is, what one values, and the directions one wants to pursue in life.
identity achievement
The identity status of individuals who, after a period of exploration, have committed themselves to self-chosen values and goals. Distinguished from identity moratorium, identity foreclosure, and identity diffusion.
identity diffusion
The identity status of individuals who do not engage in exploration and are not committed to values and goals. Distinguished from identity achievement, identity moratorium, and identity foreclosure.
identity foreclosure
The identity status of individuals who, without engaging in exploration, commit themselves to ready-made values and goals chosen for them by authority figures. Distinguished from identity achievement, identity moratorium, and identity diffusion.
identity moratorium
The identity status of individuals who are exploring, but not yet committed to, self-chosen values and goals. Distinguished from identity achievement, identity foreclosure, and identity diffusion.
incremental view of ability
The view that ability can increase through effort; associated with mastery-oriented attributions. Distinguished from entity view of ability.
inner self
Awareness of the self ’s private thoughts and imaginings. Distinguished from categorical self, remembered self, and enduring self.
learned helplessness
The view that success is due to external factors, such as luck, while failure is due to low ability, which cannot be improved by trying hard. Distinguished from mastery-oriented attributions.
mastery-oriented attributions
Attributions that credit success to ability, which can be improved by trying hard, and that credit failure to insufficient effort. Distinguished from learned helplessness.
person perception
The way individuals size up the attributes of people with whom they are familiar.
perspective taking
The capacity to imagine what others may be thinking and feeling.
recursive thought
A form of perspective taking that requires the ability to view a situation from at least two perspectives—that is, to reason simultaneously about what two or more people are thinking.
remembered self
The child’s life-story narrative, or autobiographical memory, constructed from conversations with adults about the past.
scale errors
Toddlers’ attempts to do things that their body size makes impossible because they lack an objective understanding of their own body dimensions.
self-concept
The set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is.
self-esteem
The aspect of self-concept that involves judgments about one’s own worth and the feelings associated with those judgments
self-recognition
Identification of the self as a physically unique being, dis-
tinct from other people and objects.
social cognition
Thinking about characteristics of the self and of other people.
social comparisons
Evaluations of one’s own appearance, abilities, and behavior in relation to those of others.
social problem solving
Generating and applying strategies that prevent or resolve disagreements, resulting in outcomes that are both acceptable to others and beneficial to the self.
