Chapter 11: Self and Social Understanding

Question 1

acculturative stress

Answer 1

Psychological distress resulting from conflict between an individual’s minority culture and the host culture.

Question 2

acculturative stress

Answer 2

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Question 3

achievement motivation

Answer 3

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Question 4

attribution retraining

Answer 4

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Question 5

attributions

Answer 5

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Question 6

belief–desire theory of mind

Answer 6

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Question 7

bicultural identity

Answer 7

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Question 8

categorical self

Answer 8

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Question 9

desire theory of mind

Answer 9

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Question 10

enduring self

Answer 10

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Question 11

entity view of ability

Answer 11

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Question 12

ethnic identity

Answer 12

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Question 13

generalized other

Answer 13

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Question 14

identity

Answer 14

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Question 15

identity achievement

Answer 15

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Question 16

identity diffusion

Answer 16

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Question 17

identity foreclosure

Answer 17

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Question 18

identity moratorium

Answer 18

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Question 19

incremental view of ability

Answer 19

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Question 20

inner self

Answer 20

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Question 21

learned helplessness

Answer 21

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Question 22

mastery-oriented attributions

Answer 22

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Question 23

person perception

Answer 23

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Question 24

perspective taking

Answer 24

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Question 25

recursive thought

Answer 25

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Question 26

remembered self

Answer 26

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Question 27

scale errors

Answer 27

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Question 28

self-concept

Answer 28

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Question 29

self-esteem

Answer 29

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Question 30

self-recognition

Answer 30

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Question 31

social cognition

Answer 31

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Question 32

social comparisons

Answer 32

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Question 33

social problem solving

Answer 33

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Question 34

achievement motivation

Answer 34

The tendency to persist at challenging tasks.

Question 35

attribution retraining

Answer 35

An intervention that uses adult feedback to encourage learned-helpless children to believe that they can overcome failure through effort.

Question 36

attributions

Answer 36

Common, everyday explanations for the causes of behavior.

Question 37

belief–desire theory of mind

Answer 37

The more sophisticated theory of mind that emerges around age 4, in which children understand that both beliefs and desires determine behavior.

Question 38

bicultural identity

Answer 38

The identity constructed by individuals who explore and

adopt values from both their family’s subculture and the dominant culture.

Question 39

categorical self

Answer 39

Classification of the self on the basis of perceptually distinct attributes and behaviors, such as age, sex, physical characteristics, and goodness and badness. Develops between 18 and 30 months. Distinguished from remembered self, enduring self, and inner self.

Question 40

desire theory of mind

Answer 40

The theory of mind of 2- to 3-year-olds, who assume that people always act in ways consistent with their desires but who do not understand the influence on behavior of interpretive mental states, such as beliefs.

Question 41

enduring self

Answer 41

A view of the self as persisting over time. Distinguished from categorical self, remembered self, and inner self.

Question 42

entity view of ability

Answer 42

The view that ability is a fixed characteristic that cannot be improved through effort; associated with learned helplessness. Distinguished from incremental view of ability.

Question 43

ethnic identity

Answer 43

A sense of ethnic group membership, and attitudes and feelings associated with that membership, as an enduring aspect of the self.

Question 44

generalized other

Answer 44

A blend of what we imagine important people in our lives

think of us, crucial to developing a self-concept based on personality traits

Question 45

identity

Answer 45

A well-organized conception of the self that defines who one is, what one values, and the directions one wants to pursue in life.

Question 46

identity achievement

Answer 46

The identity status of individuals who, after a period of exploration, have committed themselves to self-chosen values and goals. Distinguished from identity moratorium, identity foreclosure, and identity diffusion.

Question 47

identity diffusion

Answer 47

The identity status of individuals who do not engage in exploration and are not committed to values and goals. Distinguished from identity achievement, identity moratorium, and identity foreclosure.

Question 48

identity foreclosure

Answer 48

The identity status of individuals who, without engaging in exploration, commit themselves to ready-made values and goals chosen for them by authority figures. Distinguished from identity achievement, identity moratorium, and identity diffusion.

Question 49

identity moratorium

Answer 49

The identity status of individuals who are exploring, but not yet committed to, self-chosen values and goals. Distinguished from identity achievement, identity foreclosure, and identity diffusion.

Question 50

incremental view of ability

Answer 50

The view that ability can increase through effort; associated with mastery-oriented attributions. Distinguished from entity view of ability.

Question 51

inner self

Answer 51

Awareness of the self ’s private thoughts and imaginings. Distinguished from categorical self, remembered self, and enduring self.

Question 52

learned helplessness

Answer 52

The view that success is due to external factors, such as luck, while failure is due to low ability, which cannot be improved by trying hard. Distinguished from mastery-oriented attributions.

Question 53

mastery-oriented attributions

Answer 53

Attributions that credit success to ability, which can be improved by trying hard, and that credit failure to insufficient effort. Distinguished from learned helplessness.

Question 54

person perception

Answer 54

The way individuals size up the attributes of people with whom they are familiar.

Question 55

perspective taking

Answer 55

The capacity to imagine what others may be thinking and feeling.

Question 56

recursive thought

Answer 56

A form of perspective taking that requires the ability to view a situation from at least two perspectives—that is, to reason simultaneously about what two or more people are thinking.

Question 57

remembered self

Answer 57

The child’s life-story narrative, or autobiographical memory, constructed from conversations with adults about the past.

Question 58

scale errors

Answer 58

Toddlers’ attempts to do things that their body size makes impossible because they lack an objective understanding of their own body dimensions.

Question 59

self-concept

Answer 59

The set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is.

Question 60

self-esteem

Answer 60

The aspect of self-concept that involves judgments about one’s own worth and the feelings associated with those judgments

Question 61

self-recognition

Answer 61

Identification of the self as a physically unique being, dis-
tinct from other people and objects.

Question 62

social cognition

Answer 62

Thinking about characteristics of the self and of other people.

Question 63

social comparisons

Answer 63

Evaluations of one’s own appearance, abilities, and behavior in relation to those of others.

Question 64

social problem solving

Answer 64

Generating and applying strategies that prevent or resolve disagreements, resulting in outcomes that are both acceptable to others and beneficial to the self.