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Biology > Chapter 12 Molecule Biology Of The Gene > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Molecule Biology Of The Gene Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Cells extracted treated with protease ( protein- digesting enzyme) or RNase ( RNA-digesting enzyme) retain transformation ability
Cells extracts treated with DNase ( DNA- digesting enzyme) lost their transforming ability

A

DNA is the transforming agent

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1
Q

Hersey and Chase used bacteriophages to show that DNA not protein is the genetic material

A

Bacteriophages: are viruses that infect bacteria cells

Phases were labeled with radioactive sulfur to detect proteins or radioactive phosphorus to detect DNA

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2
Q

DNA nucleotides

A

Nitrogenous base (A T G C )
5-carbon sugar ( deoxyribose)
Phosphate group

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3
Q

Two nucleotides with purine bases ( two rings)

A

Adenine (A)

Guanine (G)

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4
Q

Two nucleotides with pyrimidine bases (One ring )

A

Thymine (T)

Cytosine (C)

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5
Q

Chargaff’s rules

A

The amount of ATGC are constant among member of same species
Vary from species to species

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6
Q

Rosalind Franklin studies the structure of DNA using x-rays and produce an x- ray diffraction pattern

A

Evidence
DNA is a helix
Some portion of the helix is repeated

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7
Q

The Watson and Crick model
DNA: sugar phosphate make up the sides
Hydrogen bonded bases make up the rungs keeping the two strands together

A

T

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8
Q

DNA replication

A

Two identical copies

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9
Q

Where does DNA replication take place?

A

Synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle

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10
Q

Watson and crick discovered what?

A

Specific pairings

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11
Q

Semi conservative replication

A

Half parental. Half new

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12
Q

Where does the DNA replication begin?

A

Origins of replication

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13
Q

DNA helicase

A

Unwinds the double helix and breaks hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Adds nucleotides to a growing chain

Proofreads correcting mistakes

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15
Q

DNA ligase

A

Joins small fragments of DNA into a continuous chain

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16
Q

DNA replication occurs 5’ to 3’ direction

A

T

17
Q

Replication is continuous called

A

Leading strands

18
Q

Replication is discontinuous

A

Lagging strand

19
Q

In a eukaryotic cell :

Central dogma

A

The molecule chain of command
DNA in the nucleus is transcribed to mRNA
mRNA moves to the cytoplasm and translate to proteins

20
Q

Transcription

A

Is the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA it occurs in the nucleus

21
Q

Translation

A

Is the synthesis of proteins under the direction of RNA it occurs in the cytoplasm

22
Q

RNA is the polymer of RNA nucleotides

A

Single stranded
Contains sugar ribose , a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
Four types : Uracil (U) C A G
Replaces T with U

23
Q

Messenger mRNA

A

Takes messages from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm

24
Q

Ribosomal rRNA

A

Makes up ribosomes which read the message in mRNA

25
Q

Transfer tRNA

A

Transfers the appropriate amino acid to the ribosomes for protein synthesis

26
Q

An RNA molecule Is transcribed from a DNA template

Only one strand of DNA is used as a template and transcribed into single strands messenger RNA ( mRNA)

A

RNA nucleotides are linked together by the transcription enzyme RNA polymerase

27
Q

Addition of a 5’ cap

A

5’cap help ribosomes bind to the mRNA

28
Q

Addition of a 3’ poly A tail

A

Facilitates the export of the mRNA from nucleus

Protects the mRNA from attack by cellular enzymes

29
Q

RNA splicing

A

Removes introns and join exons to produce a continuous coding sequence in mature mRNA transcripts

30
Q

Continuous non overlapping triplet

A

Each triplet or codon codes for one amino acid

31
Q

Universal

A

All organism use same codons few exceptions

32
Q

Degenerate ( redundant )

A

Most amino acids are encoded by two or more codons

33
Q

Unambiguous ( codons are exclusive )

A

Each codon specifies only one amino acids

34
Q

Start codon

A

Signals the start of translation.

Codes for methionine- met

35
Q

Stop codons -UAA UGA UAG

A

do not code for amino acid

Signals the end or translation

36
Q

mRNA

A

Carries the message for protein synthesis

37
Q

tRNA

A

Serves as an interpreter between mRNA and protein transfer amino acids
By picking up specific amino acids and anticodon
Anticodons are complementary to codons in mRNA

38
Q

Ribosomes

A

Serves as manufacturing machine

39
Q

Amino acid

A

Monomer for proteins

40
Q

Each chromosome contains a single linear DNA molecule and protein

A

Histones responsible for packaging the DNA

Biology (3 decks)

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