Chapter 12: Mendel's experiments and heredity

Question 1

what is eugenics

Answer 1

the idea that a certain trait could be breeded out when that isn’t the case (random assortment)

Question 2

what are pangenesis

Answer 2

the idea that particles called gemmules carry the trait we inherit

Question 3

What was mendels contribution to biology

Answer 3

observed how traits were inherited through the different generations (used pea plants to demonstrate his knowledge)

Question 4

Why did mendel chose the use pea plants for his studies

Answer 4

• had observable traits (colour, seed shape, and seed colour)
• easy to manipulate matings
• short generation times
• produced multiple offspring at once
  ( OMG)

Question 5

what is genotype based one

Answer 5

genotype is based on phenotype

Question 6

what is a dominant trait or allele

Answer 6

a trait that masks other verisons of a trait (often marked with a capitial letter)

Question 7

what is recessive trait or allele

Answer 7

a trait that is covered by the dominant trait (often marked with a lower case letter)

Question 8

what do monohybrid cross ratios suggest

Answer 8

suggest that hereditary particles seperate into gametes and come back together during fertilization (each gamete must have one half of parent genome)

Question 9

what is trait

Answer 9

a characteristic in an organism

Question 10

what is a phenotype

Answer 10

the characteristics version of a trait we can see (eye colour, hair colour)

Question 11

what are alleles

Answer 11

specific versions of a hereditary particle (aka verisons of a genes)

Question 12

what is a genotype

Answer 12

a specific combination of hereditary particles that are carried by an individual that cause a phenotype

Question 13

what is a homozygote

Answer 13

when both alleles for the same trait are the same (both dominant or both recessive)

Question 14

what is a heterozygote

Answer 14

when alleles for the same trait are different (one is a dominant and the other is recessive)

Question 15

What is a zygote

Answer 15

the first diploid cell produced by fertilization

Question 16

what is a gene

Answer 16

a place of the DNA strand that encodes information causing a trait to occur

Question 17

what is a locus

Answer 17

place of interest on a chromosomes usually a gene

Question 18

what is a reciprocal cross

Answer 18

A form of mating cross where a pervious cross is repeated but the parents exhibiting verisons of a phenotypic trait are reversed by sex

Question 19

what is a wildtype of allele

Answer 19

The most common allele in a population (normal allele)

Question 20

what is a mutant allele

Answer 20

a rare allele in a population, which is believed to be a result of a mutation

Question 21

what is a monohybrid cross

Answer 21

a punnet square or crossing where the parents are both homologous (one parent is dominant homologous and the second parent is recessive homologous)

Question 22

In mendelian genetics, what are the probability rules we must keep in mind

Answer 22

• 0: means it will not occur
• 1: is will 100% occur
  (range is set up between 0 to 1)

Question 23

what is incomplete dominance

Answer 23

a situation where both the dominant and recessive phenotypes take place

Question 24

which level does incomplete dominance happen at

Answer 24

the transcriptional level when both traits are read

Question 25

What are homeotic mutants

Answer 25

something that affects the development of many chacteristics

Question 26

what are sex linked traits

Answer 26

genes that affect an offsprings genotype based on the genes that are present in the gametes

Question 27

What makes allele considered lethal

Answer 27

an allele is considered lethal as soon as it shorten the average normal life span of a organism (these alleles can be dominant or recessive). In simple words it prevents a trait form being expressed

Question 28

describe the process of crossing over or recombination

Answer 28

1) only occurs in cells that go through meiosis (happens in meiosis one)
2) 2 homologous chromosomes line up
3) exchange segments of genetic material

Question 29

What is epistasis

Answer 29

a process where the phenotype is dependent one which alleles are inheirted together