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Biology 100 > chapter 1-2: foundations of biology > Flashcards

chapter 1-2: foundations of biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is biology?

A

the study of life on planet Earth

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2
Q

what is science?

A

knowledge that covers general truth or the operation of general laws

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3
Q

what is natural science?

A

fields of science related to the physical world and its processes

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4
Q

what is inductive reasoning?

A

a form of logical thinking that uses related observation to produce a general conclusion

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5
Q

what is deductive reasoning?

A

form of logical thinking that uses a general principal or law to predict forecast specific results

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6
Q

what does deductive reasoning lead to

A

leads to predicted results

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7
Q

what does inductive reasoning lead to

A

scientific conclusions

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8
Q

what is the relationship between inductive and deductive reasoning

A

the conclusion that is found inductive reasoning can be put forth to produce a general premise for deductive reasoning on a different topic

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9
Q

what is basic science

A

seeks to extend knowledge regardless of the short-term application of that knowledge

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10
Q

what is applied science

A

aims to use science to solve immediate problems

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11
Q

what are the steps to the scientific method

A

1) makes an observation
2) ask a question
3) make a hypothesis
4) make a prediction based on the hypothesis
5) preform the experiment
6) analyze the results (is the hypothesis correct or incorrect
7)report results

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12
Q

What are the properties of life (according to science)

A
  • order: the ability of organisms parts to work together (organized structure)
  • sensitivity or response to stimuli: ability to respond to the environment
  • reproduction
  • growth and development
  • regulation
  • homeostasis
  • energy processing
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13
Q

what are basic needs of life

A
  • respiration
  • self energy
  • be able to reproduce
  • borders
  • DNA
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14
Q

what is the respiration portion that is needed for survival

A

respiration: interact efficentily with the environment

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15
Q

what is the self energy portion that is needed for survival

A

self energy: must be able to make its own energy (cell processes)

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16
Q

what is the border portion that is needed for survival

A

borders: allows organisms to remain their own organism

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17
Q

what are the three super kingdoms of life

A

1) bacteria: single celled organisms that lack intracellular organelles (prokaryotes)
2) archaea: single celled organisms that lack intracellular organelles (prokaryotes)
3) Eukarya: organisms that multicellular and contain the proper cell structure with a true nucleus and organelles

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18
Q

which super kingdom of life are humans apart of

A

Eukarya

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19
Q

which super kingdom of life was thought to be the first to exist

A

Archaea; is thought that it broke into the other two super kingdom of life groups

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20
Q

what is the biological levels of organization

A

1) organelles - parts inside the cells
2) cells
3) tissues
4) organs and organs systems
5) whole organisms, populations, and communities
6) ecosystems
7) biospheres

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21
Q

what is the oldest ancestor of all organism that is supported through evolution

A

Luka; is proved to an ancestor as it linked us all together by the 5 properties of life

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22
Q

what is life composed of

A

matter (occupies space and has mass)

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23
Q

what are elements

A

unique forms of matter

24
Q

what the most common elements of living organisms

A

carbon = c
oxygen = o
hydrogen = h
nitrogen = n

25
Q

what common element of life lets use know that a reaction will occur

A

oxygen

26
Q

what is the smallest building block of life

A

atoms

27
Q

what is an atom

A

a unit of matter that retains all chemical properties of an element

28
Q

what are the two regions of the atom

A
  • nucleus
  • valance shells or electrons clouds
29
Q

what is a nucleus

A

the centre of the atoms that contains protons and neutrons

30
Q

what type of bond commonly wants to react with their environment

A

polarized bonds

31
Q

what is the mass of protons and neutrons

A

1 amu (both of them)

32
Q

What does the atomic number indicate

A

tells us the amount of protons in an atom

33
Q

where is the atomic number located

A

the top number above the element, is the identification number of an element

34
Q

what is an atomic mass

A

the mass of an atom roughly equal to the number of protons and neutrons

35
Q

How do you figure out the amount of neutrons in an atom

A

the whole number in the Atomic mass - the elements atomic number

36
Q

what indicated isotopes

A

a different number of electrons then the original element

37
Q

What kind of element based animals are humans

A

carbon based

38
Q

In a neutral charged atoms oh much of subatomic particles are there

A

equal number of protons, electrons, and neutrons (same as the atomic number)

39
Q

What makes an elements more stronger than others

A

the closer the outside valence shell is to the nucleus

40
Q

what is a chemical reaction

A

changes in distribution of electrons between atoms

41
Q

Why are we carbon based animals

A

carbon has weaker bonds that are able to be broken down to react with other elements

42
Q

what is an irreversible reaction

A

a process that can only happen in one direction until all the reactants are used up

43
Q

what is a reversible reaction

A

reactants are converted into products but some of the products can be turned back into a reactant

44
Q

What are chemical bonds

A

the attractive force that links atoms together to form molecules

45
Q

what is a covalent bond

A

when two or more atoms bond with each other to form a molecule (h2o)
- electrons are shared unequally or equally depending on the types of polarize bonds

46
Q

what is a double bond

A

when a set of elements share more than one electron

47
Q

what is an ionic bond

A

when when one element gives up or receives an electron (metals will typically lose and electrons and non metals will gain an electron in order to complete an out shell)

48
Q

what is a polar covalent bonds

A

a type of covalent bond where the electrons are shared unequally (attracted to one nucleus rather then the other)

49
Q

what is a non polar bond

A

a type of covalent bond where the electrons are shared equally

50
Q

what is required in order to break ionic and covalent bonds

A

energy is required

51
Q

What are hydrogen bonds

A

a force where the interactions between a atom with a positive electromagnetic charge and an element that has a negative electromagnetic charge ( element charge)

52
Q

What is a van der waal force (interaction)

A

a weaker attraction between two or more molecules because of the changes in electron density

53
Q

what is the order of weakest bonds to strongest

A
  • hydrogen / van der waal
  • ionic
  • polar covalent
  • nonpolar covalent
54
Q

Why is water the most critical molecule of life

A
  • it is polar so it will react with the environment
  • it forms hydrogen bonds
55
Q

What is the structure of a water molecules

A

a singular atom of H2O is connected by polar covalent bounds between the oxygen and the hydrogen. To bond multiple H2O atoms together a hydrogen bond is created

56
Q
A

Biology 100 (8 decks)

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