Chapter 12 Lipids & Membranes

Question 1

Lipids by definition are _

Answer 1

Lipids by definition are water-insoluble

Question 2

ID

Answer 2

Question 3

ID

Answer 3

Question 4

ID

Answer 4

Question 5

ID

Answer 5

Question 6

ID

Answer 6

Question 7

Name the main things that are important for lipds (4)

Answer 7

-Membranes
-Major source of energy
-Hormones
-Diabetes, obesity, artherosclerosis, cancer

Question 8

Saturated fatty acid are good or bad fats and why?

Answer 8

bad they are straight chained so they can be close to each other Vs unsaturatd fat where the dobuble bond makes the fat kinked.

Question 9

Are unsaturated fats good or bad?

Answer 9

Good

Question 10

Saturated or unsaturated fat? How can you tell?

Answer 10

Staurated Fat: all the of the carbons atoms have Hydrogen atoms on them.

Question 11

Saturated or unsaturated fat? How can you tell?

Answer 11

Unsaturated: some of the carbons atoms have Hydrogen atoms from double bonds, and don’t have as many Hydrogen atoms as possible.

Question 12

Saturated or unsaturated fat?

Answer 12

Saturated

Question 13

Saturated or unsaturated fat?

Answer 13

Unsaturated fatty acid

Question 14

How to name fatty acids

Answer 14

Name is derived from the name of its parent compound. Ex. C18 saturated fatty acid:
parent hydrocarbon is octadecane octadecanoic acid

Question 15

How to Number Fatty Acids

Answer 15

Fatty acid carbon atoms are numbered
starting at the Carboxyl terminus:
O=C=O

Question 16

18:0 denotes a C18 fatty acid how many double bonds?

Answer 16

no double bonds

Question 17

Where is the bouble bond located? What is the symbol

Answer 17

Position of double bond is represented by “∆” followed by a superscript.

Question 18

When counting the carbons for a fatty acid you start with _ and it that carbon goes above the “∆”.

Answer 18

When counting the carbons for a fatty acid you start with Carboxyl terminus and it that carbon goes above the “∆”.

Question 19

break this down 18:1 ∆^9

Answer 19

18 carbon with one double bond on carbon 9

Question 20

What is the methy carbon called at the end of a fatty acid

Answer 20

Omega carbon

Question 21

What is another way you can count carbons of a fatty acid.

Answer 21

Alternatively, can count from omega carbon with omega being carbon 1: ω-3 fatty acid

Question 22

This is an exmaple of what type of fat?

Answer 22

Saturated and it is bad for you b/c they stack well and as a result they can form plaques which in turn colg your arteries.

Question 23

What type of fat is this?

Answer 23

Unstatured fat which is good for you and do not stack well.

Question 24

What type of fat is this?

Answer 24

Unsatrated fat and this is can stack even better then saturated fats.

Question 25

what is the Melting point of steric acid melting point?

Answer 25

70 degrees C

Question 26

what is the Melting point of Oelic Acid?

Answer 26

13 degrees C

Question 27

Why are trans fats bad for you?

Answer 27

Trans fats are bad for you becasue they lower HDL ( the good cholerterol) and inresseace LDL ( the bad cholesterol).

Question 28

what are the 3 classes of Membrane lipids?

Answer 28

1. phospholipids 2. glycolipids 3. cholesterol

Question 29

What is this?

Answer 29

A phospholipid

Question 30

Phospholipids Derived from _ Are Called _.

Answer 30

Phospholipids Derived from **Glycerol** Are Called **Phosphoglycerides**

Question 31

Fill in the blank

Answer 31

Question 32

Phospholipids Can be _ at the _ Terminus with _.

Answer 32

Phospholipids Can be **Decorated** at the **Phosphate** Terminus with **Alcohols**

Question 33

Name this

Answer 33

Serine

Question 34

Name this

Answer 34

Ethanolamine

Question 35

Name this

Answer 35

Choline

Question 36

Name this

Answer 36

Glycerol

Question 37

Name this

Answer 37

Inositol

Question 38

Name this major Phosphoglycerides

Answer 38

Phosphatidylserine

Question 39

Name this major Phosphoglycerides

Answer 39

Phosphatidycholine

Question 40

Name this major Phosphoglycerides

Answer 40

Phosphatidlethanolamine

Question 41

Name this major Phosphoglycerides

Answer 41

Phosphatidylinositol

Question 42

Name this major Phosphoglycerides

Answer 42

Diphosphatidyglycerol ( cardiolipin)

Question 43

_ is a Phospholipid Found in Membranes. And what is the core _ _

Answer 43

**Sphingomeyelin** is a Phospholipid Found in Membranes. The core is an **amino alcohol**

Question 44

Fill in the blank

Answer 44

Question 45

Glycolipids are _-_ Lipids and are similar to Similar to Sphingomyelin but different group linked to primary _ and no _ (sugar instead)

Answer 45

Glycolipids are **Sugar-Containing Lipids** similar Similar to Sphingomyelin but different group linked to primary **OH group** and no **phosphate group** (sugar instead)

Question 46

_ is a Lipid Based On a Steroid Nucleus

Answer 46

**Cholesterol** is a Lipid Based On a Steroid Nucleus

Question 47

Steroid nucleus _ _ on one end _ on the other end

Answer 47

Steroid nucleus **Hydrocarbon tail** on one end **Alcohol** on the other end

Question 48

Structures that Result from _ Nature of Lipids. Meaning that they are both _ and _-_ polor.

Answer 48

Structures that Result from **Amphipathic** **Nature of Lipids** and are both **polor** and **non-polor**.

Question 49

What do Micelles allow and what are they driven by?

Answer 49

(allow for **absorption of fat-soluble vitamins**) and driven by **hydrophbic effect**

Question 50

_ bilayers are Highly _ to _ and Most Polar Molecules ( _ is the exception)

Answer 50

**Lipid** bilayers are Highly **Impermeable** to Ions and Most Polar Molecules (** water** is the exception)

Question 51

What are the two ways that water can cross

Answer 51

1. **Osmosis** - a type of diffusion across a semi-perm. membrane 2.** Aquaporins ** – a type of protein channel

Question 52

_ Carry Out Most Membrane Processes

Answer 52

**Proteins** Carry Out Most Membrane Processes

Question 53

Expain this and what make its a intergral membrane protein?

Answer 53

If any part of the protein is in the membrane

Question 54

# Main Idea: _ proteins can have hydrophobic _ helices or _ _ sheets.

Answer 54

**Transmembrane** proteins can have hydrophobic **alpha** helices or **amphipathic** beta sheets.

Question 55

Transmembrane proteins are Transmembrane _ - helices and are mostly _-_ amino acids

Answer 55

Bacteriorhodopsin Transmembrane α-helices Mostly nonpolar amino acids

Question 56

In porins the outside is _?

Answer 56

Outside (nonpolar residues)

Question 57

Some Proteins Associate with Membranes Through Covalently Attached _ Groups

Answer 57

Some Proteins Associate with Membranes Through Covalently Attached **Hydrophobic** Groups

Question 58

Lipids are attached to the _ -terminus or a residue with what type of anchors?

Answer 58

Lipids are attached to **C-terminus** or a **Cys ** residue

Question 59

ID this lipdated proteins

Answer 59

*s*-Palmitoylcysteine

Question 60

ID this lipdated proteins

Answer 60

*C*-terminal *S*-farnesylcysteine methyl ester

Question 61

ID this lipdated proteins

Answer 61

Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor

Question 62

Membranes are _ static, _ structures _ diffusion occurs with lipids and proteins But, _ through membrane is very slow.

Answer 62

Membranes are **NOT** static, **rigid** structures **Lateral** diffusion occurs with lipids and proteins But, **rotation** through membrane is very slow.

Question 63

Melting point is a function of: what Three things? If long chain high or low mp if saterated high or low mp Unsaturated with cis double bond high or low Tm

Answer 63

Tm is a function of: Phase-transition for a phospholipid membrane 1. Length of fatty acid chains 2. Degree of unsaturation 3. [Cholesterol] - depended on concertration If long chain **high** or low mp if saterated **hight** or low mp Unsaturated with cis double bond high or **low** Tm